Background: The Iraqi Kurdistan local population involves more than eight gatherings of tenants. The Muslim Kurds make up most of the population and after that the Yezidi Kurds. Alternate gatherings incorporate Armenians, Assyrian, Chaldea, Syriacs, and little minority of Arab and Turkmen individuals.Methods: A total of 36 unrelated males from the two population groups in Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurds and Arabs were analyzed for eight Y-chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS392, DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 and Y-GATA-H4). Total DNA from blood cells was extracted using DNA extraction Kit.Results: A number of genetic parameters such as mean number of alleles, allele frequency, gene diversity, polymorphic information content (PIC), and genetic distance were calculated using Power Marker V3.25 software. The DYS458 had the highest diversity (GD: 0.883), while loci DYS456 and Y-GATA-H4 had the lowest (GD: 0.574). The Dendrogram separated the populations into two main clades, the Kurd group and the Arab group except in one case only from the whole population.Conclusions: This study confirms the discriminating power of high-resolution Y-STR typing and provides first primary dataset on Iraqi Kurdistan samples. The comparison of Kurdish and Arab datasets reveals an interesting overall picture of isolation of Kurdish group. The primers DYS19, DYS448, DYS458, and DYS635 can be considered the best for their high PIC power.

Background: Over than eight tenant groups make up Kurdistan region of Iraq local populations. Overall majority of the inhabitants are Muslim Kurds, followed by Yezidi Kurds. Alternative groups including Armenians, Assyrian, Chaldea Syriacs as well as a little minority of Arab and Turkmen individuals. Methods: A total of 60 unrelated males from three population groups in Kurdistan region of Iraq Arabs, Soran and Behdinan kurd were successfully analyzed for ten Y- chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS390, DYS393, DYS437, DYS439, DYS447, DYS460, DYS461, DYS481, DYS576). Whole DNA has been extracted from the blood samples using DNA extraction kit. PCR products were run on 8% polyacrylamide gel with a 50bp DNA ladder marker to size the bands for each sample. silver staining was used to identify the DNA bands. Power Marker V3.25 software was used successfully to determine a variety of genetic parameters which include total allele number, allele frequency, gene diversity and polymorphic information content (PIC). Phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA-X software.   Results: The total number of alleles identified in the three populations was 155. The size of the alleles ranged from 112bp to 245bp. The DYS19 had the highest diversity (GD: 0.941), whereas DYS393 locus had the lowest value among all (GD: 0.813). The Dendrogram split the populations into two main clusters: Arabs in one cluster, whereas Soran and Behdinan in another cluster. Conclusions: This study validates that the discrimination potential of high-resolution Y-STR typing and supports the main datasets on the samples from Kurdistan region of Iraq. The comparison of two group of Kurds and Arab datasets offers an intriguing total pattern of Kurd groups. Meaning that Sorans are genetically closer to the Behdinan population.

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Iraq and the world. It includes many species and varieties.  The two major cultivated species of wheat are, durum wheat (Tritium durum Desf.) which is tetraploid (2n= 28) and the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which is hexaploid (2n = 42). Ten wheat varieties from both species were examined using ten Simple   sequence repeat (SSR) markers (WMC17, WMC20, WMC21, WMC24, WMC25, WMC48, WMC50, WMC283, Xgwm11 and Xgwm626). Various genetic parameters were calculated using Power Marker V3.25 software. A total of 156 alleles were detected in both species. The gene diversity in wheat varieties from both species collectively varied from 0.85 to 1.00, which indicates considerable genetic diversity in the examined varieties. All markers used in this study were highly informative and the polymorphic information content (PIC) values were higher than 0.50 in all loci. Hence all markers are considered useful for genetic diversity studies in wheat’s populations. The dendrogram separated the populations into two main clades and many subgroups. Azadi variety was simplicifolious. This study confirms the discriminating power of SSR typing and its usefulness for comparison within hard and soft wheat populations. 

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used mostly in crops. This study looked at the genotoxic and Glyphosate has a cytotoxic effect on Allium cepa. As toxicity markers, the Mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, formations of Micronucleus, germination percentage, root duration, and seed weight were used. Allium cepa seeds were afflicted with distinct concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ml/l) of Glyphosate for 24 h treatment periods. The results reveal that pesticide Glyphosateis capable to reduce root growth and causes chromosomal aberrations;consisting of an anaphase bridge, ring chromosome, binucleated cells, multipolarity, Fragment chromosome, vagrant chromosome, chromatid gaps, star anaphase. With increasing Glyphosate concentration, the mitotic index decreased rapidly. In conclusion, our findings indicate that used pesticidemay be toxic to living organism.

Introduction: The rapid and recent rise in the pandemic of cardiovascular disease implies that the environment plays a significant role. Numerous biological systems, such as the cardiovascular, blood-forming organs, liver, and kidneys, can be affected by gasoline and smoking. Because filling station employees, repair service workers, gasoline truck drivers, and refinery workers are all at a greater risk of being exposed to gasoline fumes. Even though gasoline and smoking have been investigated for so many years, few studies have looked into the effects of gasoline exposure combined with smoking on a variety of physiological mechanisms. As a result, we propose that combining gasoline exposure with smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and impaired hepatic function. Methods: The study included 95 male adult volunteers who worked with gasoline and were exposed to different fuel derivatives as study group and age and sex-matched seemingly healthy non-exposed people as the controls. Questionnaire interviews were used to collect socio-demographic data and a standard technique was used to collect the blood samples. The levels of cholesterol, HDL4, LDL-C, triglyceride, and VLDL were measured, as well as for liver enzymes ALP, AST, ALT, indirect bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin were measured. Results: Our data suggest that smoking with gasoline exposure causes an increase in total and bad cholesterol levels, as well as a significant shift concerning the control group in lipid profile and liver enzymes. the exposed group had higher levels of ALP, and AST and significantly increased. In the nonsmoker exposed group D-bilirubin decreased in comparison to the control and exposed smoker group. Conclusion: This research concluded that the liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT) were higher among workers who smoke and are exposed to gasoline than in control subjects, similarly, the bad cholesterol also increase. Therefore, people who smoke and are handled with gasoline are at a higher risk of having heart and hepatic diseases.