One-third of all hospital-regulated medical waste (RMW) comes from the operating room (OR), and it considerably consists of disposable packaging and wrapping materials for the sterilization of surgical instruments. This study sought to identify the amount and type of waste produced by ORs in order to reduce the RMW so as to achieve environmentally-friendly waste management in the OR. We performed an initial waste segregation of 4 total knee replacement arthroplasties (TKRAs) and 1 total hip replacement arthroplasty, and later of 1 extra TKRA, 1 laparoscopic anterior resection of the colon, and 1 pelviscopy (with radical vaginal hysterectomy), performed at our OR. The total mass of non-regulated medical waste (non-RMW) and blue wrap amounted to 30.5 kg (24.9%), and that of RMW to 92.1 kg (75.1%). In the course of the study, we noted that the non-RMW included recyclables, such as papers, plastics, cardboards, and various wrapping materials. The study showed that a reduction in RMW generation can be achieved through the systematic segregation of OR waste.
In the direct iron ore smelting reduction process, surrounding the tuyere, the water model molten iron near the bottom blowing gas tuyere is experiments were conducted with flowrate of the cooled by low temperature/endothermic gas and bottom blown gas set in the range 30-90 NL minÕ 1 . forms a mushroom shaped solid on top of the The results show that as the gas flowrate was tuyere. The formation of an appropriate solid increased, the highest water temperature which mushroom, which covers the tuyere, can protect allowed the solid mushroom to form in the water the tuyere and the surrounding refractory. In the model was increased. Three different types of present study, a water model with a low pressure-time curve were obtained under different temperature gas system was established to gas flowrates in the present study. They also investigate formation of the solid mushroom and corresponded to different forms of solid mushroom. the effects of operating conditions on its shape and As peaks appeared in the pressure-time curve, they dimensions. Transparent acrylic was used to revealed ice capsulation and subsequent bursting to construct the water model, which was 40% of the release the pressure. A gas flowrate of 80 NL minÕ 1 size of the actual furnace. Water was used to and water temperature of 19·2°C with copper plate simulate the molten iron. Low temperature air, as the bottom material are considered to be optimal obtained by passing air through a heat exchanger conditions of the water model for growth of the cooled by liquid nitrogen, was blown into the water appropriate ice mushroom. These data are rather bath through a bottom tuyere. The air temperature consistent with the gas flowrate and superheat for was able to reach 188±1°C. In the water model the actual direct iron ore smelting reduction unit, experiments, water near the tuyere was cooled, and which are 2700 NL minÕ 1 and 120°C (equivalent to formed an ice mushroom surrounding the tuyere.70 NL minÕ 1 and 22·7°C in the water model). The effects of operating conditions, mainly gas I&S/1751 flowrate and mould material surrounding the tuyere, on the parameters of the solid mushroom
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