Abstract.Ground-based Fabry-Perot interferometers located at Thule, Greenland (76.5°N, 69.0°W, A=86°) and at Sendre Strvmfjjord, Greenland (67. The observed temperatures are significandy greater than those predicted by the mass spectrometer/incoherent scatter model f_ high activity conditions. Theoretical analysis based on the NCAR TIGCM indicates that the antisunward upper thermospheric winds, driven by upstream ion drag, basically "coast" across the polar cap. The relatively small changes in wind velocity and direction within the polar cap are induced by a combination of forcing terms of commensurate magnitude, including the nonlinear advection term, the Coriolis term, and the pressure gradient force term. The polar cap thermospheric thermal balance is dominated by horizontal advection, and adiabatic and conduction terms. 0°N

Purpose This study aimed to determine which preoperative factors affect the postoperative change in the joint line convergence angle (JLCA) by preoperatively quantifying soft tissue laxity. Methods Thirty-four patients who underwent medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) with a navigation were analysed. The JLCA change after HTO was calculated using standing long-bone anteroposterior radiographs taken preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Latent soft tissue laxity was defined as the amount of soft tissue that can be extended to valgus or varus from the weight-bearing position, and calculated by subtracting the JLCA on weight-bearing standing radiographs from that on stress radiographs. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the preoperative factors that statistically correlated with the postoperative JLCA change. ResultsIn multiple linear regression, JLCA change had a statistically significant correlation with latent medial laxity (R = 0.6) and a statistically borderline significant correlation with correction angle (R = 0.2). These imply that the postoperative JLCA change increased by 0.6° per 1° increase in latent medial laxity, and increased by 0.2° per 1° increase in correction angle. Latent medial laxity was the most crucial factor associated with postoperative JLCA changes. ConclusionThe JLCA change could be larger in patients with large latent medial laxity or severe varus deformity requiring a large correction, which could lead to unexpected overcorrection in HTO. Postoperative JLCA change should be considered in preoperative surgical planning. Target point shifting within the hypomochlion point could be a strategy to prevent overcorrection, especially in patients with large latent medial laxity. Level of evidence Level IV.

In this study we explored the experience of competing in the Senior Games and the resultant contributions to the successful aging of older adults. We used in-depth interviews with older adults who participated in the National Senior Games. Analysis of the data produced five central themes: (a) perseverance, (b) career development and significant effort, (c) personal and social benefits, (d) unique ethos, and (e) identification as a senior athlete. We found that participating in the Senior Games as a form of serious leisure enhanced the well-being of older adults and could be utilized as a means by which to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

MLT (Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere) airglow emission rates and temperatures have been monitored with a Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI), operated at Resolute Bay (74.68°N, 94.90°W). The 2001/2002 winter season data exhibits a major cooling event for both the O2 and OH emissions near the end of December, a mild event in mid February and a final cooling in early March. These temperature perturbations are compared with the UKMO stratospheric assimilated data for the Resolute Bay location and for zonally averaged data at 75°N, at two pressure levels, 3.16 hPa and 0.316 hPa. For the major event the 3.16 hPa zonally averaged temperature coincides in time with the MLT cooling. The O2 temperatures increase slightly, prior to the stratospheric warming, but after onset both emissions exhibit cooling; this is consistent with the TIME‐GCM/CCM3 predictions for the meridional circulation at high latitudes.

We use MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research Applications) temperature and water vapor data to estimate the sampling biases of climatologies derived from the AIRS/AMSU‐A (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A) suite of instruments. We separate the total sampling bias into temporal and instrumental components. The temporal component is caused by the AIRS/AMSU‐A orbit and swath that are not able to sample all of time and space. The instrumental component is caused by scenes that prevent successful retrievals. The temporal sampling biases are generally smaller than the instrumental sampling biases except in regions with large diurnal variations, such as the boundary layer, where the temporal sampling biases of temperature can be ± 2 K and water vapor can be 10% wet. The instrumental sampling biases are the main contributor to the total sampling biases and are mainly caused by clouds. They are up to 2 K cold and > 30% dry over midlatitude storm tracks and tropical deep convective cloudy regions and up to 20% wet over stratus regions. However, other factors such as surface emissivity and temperature can also influence the instrumental sampling bias over deserts where the biases can be up to 1 K cold and 10% wet. Some instrumental sampling biases can vary seasonally and/or diurnally. We also estimate the combined measurement uncertainties of temperature and water vapor from AIRS/AMSU‐A and MERRA by comparing similarly sampled climatologies from both data sets. The measurement differences are often larger than the sampling biases and have longitudinal variations.