The influences of Si and Al on the microstructure of Ti-containing C-Mn steels have been studied. Although Si addition up to 1 wt pct did not change the crystal structure of dominant Ti 2 O 3 particles dispersed in these steels, the formation of an acicular ferrite microstructure was suppressed at high Si contents. It has been found that the Mn content dissolved in Ti 2 O 3 particles decreases with increasing Si content. This seems to weaken the formation of Mn-depleted zones (MDZs) around Ti 2 O 3 particles, which act as a dominant driving force for the intragranular nucleation of acicular ferrite. It has also been found that the addition of a small amount of Al greatly reduces the formation of acicular ferrite. This is attributed to the change of dominant oxide particles from Ti 2 O 3 , which serves as an effective nucleant for acicular ferrite, to inert Al 2 O 3 . The result of the present study implies that it is advantageous to keep Si and Al contents in Ti-containing steels as low as possible when well-developed microstructures of acicular ferrite are desired.
We have conducted solvent extraction experiments of FeCl 3 in HCl solution with Alamine336 as an extractant. Solvent extraction reaction depended on the ratio of initial concentration of Alamine336 to FeCl 3 . When the concentration of Alamine336 was in excess to that of FeCl 3 , the extractant reacted as a dimer. When the initial concentration ratio of Alamine336 to FeCl 3 was below three, ferric chloride was extracted by monomeric extractant. The equilibrium constants of solvent extraction were determined by applying ionic equilibria to the experimental data. These ionic equilibria consisted of chemical equilibria, mass and charge balance equations. The activity coefficients of solutes in aqueous phase were calculated by using Bromley equation. The predicted distribution coefficients of iron agreed well with those measured.
A numerical simulation based on the finite element method was used to obtain the optimal electrodeposition condition at a patterned cathode. The calculated deposition rates agreed well with the measured ones. Influences of the following parameters on uniformity of electrodeposit have been studied; width of auxiliary electrode, gap between cathode and auxiliary electrode, distance between the inner wall of bath and auxiliary electrode, shape of auxiliary electrode, paddle velocity, gap between cathodes and paddles, anode size.
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