Rapid detection of lactate as the major fuel source and material to support the level of blood sugar can open up a new class of analysis for nutritionists and sports medicine practitioners. Here, a rapid and user-friendly method for monitoring changes in the blood lactate concentration is reported, involving the use of a paper strip coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The aqueous extract of Satureja hortensis is used as the reduction agent in a green synthesis of the AuNPs. Due to the interaction between the NPs and lactate owing across the paper strip, they change color from red to purple, which can be detected by the naked eye. It is possible to create a distance-based paper sensor, representing these changes as a column of colored bars on the paper substrate whose length has a good linear relationship with the lactate concentration ranged between 1.0 and 30.0 mM. By recording the color changes with a scanner, the sensor response is also obtained using an image analysis method, leading to a linear calibration curve in the lactate concentration range of 0.5 to 30.0 mM. The resulting detection limits of the lactate measurements are found to be 0.6 and 0.4 using the distance measurement and image analysis methods, respectively. Interestingly, in the presence of interfering species, the sensor is selective for lactate, while also showing good performance in measuring the lactate concentration in the real blood samples.
The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) measurement is considered highly important in industrial wastewater quality assessment, environmental protection, and disease detection. Here, a simple high-performance paper-based sensor is proposed for rapid and in situ detection of H2O2. To this end, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine is embedded in the sensor to act as a color indicator, whose reaction with hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by a silver nanozyme modified by sericin. The result of the reaction clarified by the appearance of blue color in the sensor detection zone is received by a portable scanner, while also calculating its intensity by image analysis software. This method is sensitive to hydrogen peroxide in the concentration range of 0.5‒240 mg/dL, providing a detection limit of 0.15 mg/dL. The ability of the sensor to determine glucose is also evaluated by adding a layer containing glucose oxidase enzyme to the sensor structure. A desirable response is obtained in the range of 1.0‒160 mg/dL, together with a detection limit of 0.37 mg/dL. Accordingly, the proposed sensor shows satisfactory results compared to clinical methods for monitoring the amount of glucose in biological samples such as serum and saliva.
tDifferent solvent extracts of Dichotomaria obtusata (J. Ellis & Solander) Lamark, Galaxauraceae, a redalgae collected from the coast of Bushehr in the Persain Gulf, was investigated for its cytotoxic prop-erties and chemical constituents. The fresh alga, after extraction with methanol and dichloromethanewere combined and partitioned between water, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The above fractionswere then tested against MOLT-4 (human lymphoblastic leukemia) cancer cell line. The IC50values ofthe dichloromethane and ethyl acetate layers of the crude extract were 29.8 ± 3.1 and 30.6 ± 7.9 g/mlagainst MOLT-4 cells, respectively, while the water layer showed a week activity with IC50> 50 g/ml.After fractionation of the active extracts using open column chromatography over silica gel and prepar-ative thin layer chromatography purification, two terpenoid derived compounds, trans-phytol palmitateand -tocopherol were isolated from the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts. The structures ofthe compounds were elucidated using different spectral data including1H NMR,13C NMR, HSQC, HMBCand EI-MS. The IC50values of compounds trans-phytol palmitate, -tocopherol and an undetermined mix-ture of compounds (F-13-14) were determined as 43.4 ± 1.6, – and 20.3 ± 6.2 g/ml against LS180 (humancolon adenocarcinoma); 53.2 ± 9.3, >100 and 27.6 ± 6.9 g/ml against MCF-7 (human breast adenocarci-noma) and 40.0 ± 4.1, 48.8 ± 1.8 and 15.9 ± 0.3 g/ml against MOLT-4 cell lines, respectively, which werecomparable to the IC50values of standard anticancer agent, cisplatin against the same cell lines. The redalgae collected from the Persian Gulf contained substances that could inhibit the growth of human cancercell lines and may represent a natural source for the discovery of novel anticancer agents
Rapid detection of lactate as the major fuel source and material to support the level of blood sugar can open up a new class of analysis for nutritionists and sports medicine practitioners. Here, a rapid and user-friendly method for monitoring changes in the blood lactate concentration is reported, involving the use of a paper strip coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The aqueous extract of Satureja hortensis is used as the reduction agent in a green synthesis of the AuNPs. Due to the interaction between the NPs and lactate flowing across the paper strip, they change color from red to purple, which can be detected by the naked eye. It is possible to create a distance-based paper sensor, representing these changes as a column of colored bars on the paper substrate whose length has a good linear relationship with the lactate concentration ranged between 1.0 and 30.0 mM. By recording the color changes with a scanner, the sensor response is also obtained using an image analysis method, leading to a linear calibration curve in the lactate concentration range of 0.5 to 30.0 mM. The resulting detection limits of the lactate measurements are found to be 0.6 and 0.4 using the distance measurement and image analysis methods, respectively. Interestingly, in the presence of interfering species, the sensor is selective for lactate, while also showing good performance in measuring the lactate concentration in the real blood samples.
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