This study describes experimental results achieved on the use of Grand Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Lime in stabilising desert silty sand for possible use in geotechnical engineering applications, especially for roadways and railways constructions. The GGBFS and lime were added in percentages of 5, 10 and 15% and 1, 3, and 5% respectively, by dry weight of sand. Different laboratory tests such as mechanical aggregation test, hydrometer analysis, liquid-plastic limit , p H value test, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing rat io test CBR , were performed on samp les to understand the engineering characteristic of soil a nd influences of mixtures on the silty sand soil. The study results demonstrate significant imp rovements in unconfined compressive strength and Californ ia bearing ratio strength. Moreover the swelling behaviour of mixtures was decreased effectively. Thus mixture of GGBFS and lime can be suggested to improve engineering characteristic of desert silty sands.
In this study, to stabilize problematic silty sand soils, Microsilica-Lime admixture was used as an additive. Various samples containing 0, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15% (by weight) Microsilica and 0, 1, 3 and 5% (by weight) Lime were prepared. To investigate the role of the studied additives on the stabilization of the sandy soils, unconfined compressive strength of the materials and their swelling potential, were considered. To do this, unconfined compressive strength test, California Bearing Ratio, also, swelling tests were carried out. As a result, the unconfined compressive strength of samples with 10% Microsilica and 3% Lime in curing time of 28 days was obtained about 50 times larger than the strength of the untreated samples. On the other hand, the samples stabilized only with 1% Lime showed considerable swelling potential while adding only 1% Microsilica caused a considerable reduce in the amount of swelling. Unconfined compressive strength of samples containing 1% Microsilica and 1% Lime was about 12 times larger than the strength of the untreated samples and these samples showed less swelling potential. Then, these amounts are considered as the optimal amounts, which are used in the road construction projects. Also, the results obtained from scanning the samples using electron microscope illustrated that the Microsilica causes to form crystalline micro-structures in the soil which is the main cause for increasing the strength of stabilized samples.
Single Point Mooring (SPM) is a type of offshore facility that is used for the loading and unloading of oil and gas tankers in the sea. In Iran, it is briefly called "floating buoy". The present study discussed floating type, fixed to the seabed with mooring chain. The mooring chain of SPM, which is considered one of the important parameters of its design, will be evaluated with regard to reliability in different environmental conditions. Reliability is the likelihood of a healthy and flawless functionality for a specific time according to existing and predetermined conditions. OrcaFlex Ver. 9.4e (UK) software, by Orcina Company was used for moorings analysis. For this purpose and to calculate the environmental forces in the mooring chains (in our case 6 mooring chains with a 60 degree angle), the researchers used the diffraction analysis and time history. The results revealed that; by decreasing and increasing the diameter of the mooring chain, the force applied to the mooring also decreased and increased, respectively. Also, the effects of chain diameter, direction, and amount of wave and current were studied. The behavior of wave and current showed that when the direction of the wave and the current were closer to the direction of each mooring chain, the force applied to the mooring increased. To calculate the reliability, the FORM 1 method was employed, and to find the target point on the function, the MPP 2 method was used. The reliability of mooring was intended to control, the value of reliability index (β), using a software program written in MATLAB, for the environment loads with a return period of 100 years. The reliability index for mooring lines of SPM was greater than 3.51, representing the safe performance of the mooring lines under environmental load.
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