Aiming to verify how and why insightfulness of the CL-inspired approach can facilitate L2 or FL learners in the process of learning English as a second or a foreign language, an empirical study of Chinese EFL learners has been carried out in the authentic Chinese EFL classroom on the campus of Tianjin Foreign Studies University. After the classroom treatment, the EG outperformed the CG by 21.7% based on the results from the delayed posttest in Experiment 1; by 6.73% in Experiment 2; by 6.61% in Experiment 3; by 21.7% in Experiment 4. The study has concluded that through awakening students' metaphoric awareness and analyzing features of the image schematic structure, the CL-inspired approach benefits L2 or FL learners in the process of learning English as a foreign language with respect to lexical and grammatical competence, metaphorical and pragmatic or sociolinguist competence, including semantic comprehension in reading, writing and translation, particularly in terms of long-term retention of memory.
The walking characteristics and collision avoidance strategies in bidirectional pedestrian flow with both individuals and groups under three different pedestrian densities were investigated experimentally in the present study. The results showed that pedestrians formed lanes in bidirectional flow, and the lane number basically increased with pedestrian density. In addition, the lane number was positively related to the number of groups in the first row of the two opposite crowds. Compared with the no-group experiments, the walking speed of pedestrians showed less difference in the experiments with groups. The fundamental diagram of the bidirectional pedestrian flow with groups under different pedestrian density conditions was calculated. Three types of collision avoidance strategies, detouring around conflicting pedestrians, passing through the conflicting group in the middle, and group splitting, were summarised based on the experimental results. The statistical results of the three collision avoidance strategies adopted by different size groups under the low, medium, and high pedestrian density conditions were obtained. It was found that the large group was more likely to split into subgroups when they encountered conflicting pedestrians, while the small group was more likely to detour around the conflicting pedestrians. For the same group size, the larger the pedestrian density, the higher the proportion of groups that would choose to split into subgroups during the collision avoidance process.
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