Background Curculigoside is a natural phenolic glycoside compound produced by Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. This study aimed to explore the effects of curculigoside in promoting the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) as well as the underlying mechanism. Methods ADSCs were treated with curculigoside at different concentrations (0 μmol/L, 1 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L, 5 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L, and 20 μmol/L), and cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Then, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined, and alizarin red S (ARS) staining was performed to measure the extracellular mineralization of curculigoside. Information about protein-chemical interactions is provided by the search tool for interactions of chemicals (STITCH) database. Then, LY294002 was administered to explore the mechanism by which curculigoside promotes the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs. Western blot assays were performed to assess changes in the expression of osteogenic-related markers and the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Finally, we established an ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model and administered curculigoside to explore the effects of curculigoside in preventing bone loss in vivo. Results The CCK-8 assay indicated that curculigoside did not induce cytotoxicity at a concentration of 5 μmol/L after 48 h. The ALP and ARS results revealed that the induced group had higher ALP activity and calcium deposition than the control group. Moreover, the curculigoside group exhibited increased biomineralization, ALP activity, and ARS staining compared to the induced and control groups, and these effects were partially inhibited by LY294002. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the target genes of curculigoside were mainly involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. PCR and western blot analysis showed that the expression of RUNX2, ALP, and Osterix was upregulated in curculigoside-treated ADSCs, but this effect was partially reversed by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Moreover, the curculigoside-treated group exhibited significantly increased phosphorylation of AKT to P-AKT compared with the osteogenic induction group. After treatment with curculigoside, the mice had a higher bone volume than the OVX mice, suggesting partial protection from cancellous bone loss. In addition, when LY294002 was added, the protective effects of curculigoside could be neutralized. Conclusions Curculigoside could induce the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs and prevent bone loss in an OVX model through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Background β‐ecdysone (βEcd) has numerous pharmacological effects, although its role in the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has not yet been explored. Methods In cell experiments, BMSCs were induced to differentiate by osteogenic induction medium (OIM) or βEcd. In animal experiments, an osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) rat model was established using lipopolysaccharide plus methylprednisolone and treating the rats with βEcd. The osteogenic differentiation capacity of human BMSCs (hBMSCs) was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red S staining. Histopathological changes in rat femoral head tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression levels of RUNX2, COL1A1, OCN and phosphorylated Akt in BMSCs from rat femoral head tissues were measured by a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction or western blot analysis. Results Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium nodules in the βEcd‐treated BMSC group dose‐dependently increased compared to those in the control and OIM groups. The hematoxylin and eosin staining results indicated that femoral head tissues of ONFH rats showed typical osteonecrosis, which could be ameliorated by βEcd. Western blot, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry assays demonstrated that the expression levels of RUNX2, COL1A1 and OCN in hBMSCs and femoral head tissue models were obviously increased after βEcd treatment, and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and Akt phosphorylation were also increased. Conclusions βEcd may be beneficial for the recovery of ONFH patients by accelerating osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which may be a novel therapy for related diseases.
CC‐92480 is a cereblon E3 ubiquitin ligase modulating drug with potent antimyeloma activity. In this study, we developed a sensitive UHPLC–MS/MS method for the determination of CC‐92480 in rat plasma. The plasma samples were prepared with acetonitrile and the samples were then separated on an Acquity BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) with water containing 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) as mobile phase. The MS detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring mode with precursor‐to‐product ion transitions at m/z 568.3 > 363.1 for CC‐92480 and m/z 441.2 > 138.1 for ibrutinib (internal standard). The assay showed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 1–1,000 ng/ml, with correlation coefficient >0.995. The method was further validated for selectivity, precision, accuracy, recovery and stability according to the US Food and Drug Administration's guideline. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of CC‐92480 in rat plasma. Based on the pharmacokinetic results, the oral bioavailability of CC‐92480 was >63%. In addition, the circulating metabolites of CC‐92480 were detected by UHPLC–HRMS and the structures were proposed according to their accurate masses and fragment ions. The proposed metabolic pathways of CC‐92480 were oxidative dealkylation and amide hydrolysis.
RationaleBatatasin III is a biologically active ingredient extracted from Dendrobium scabrilingue, which has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity. To fully understand its action, the present study was performed to investigate the in vitro metabolism of batatasin III using rat and human liver microsomes and hepatocytes.MethodsBatatasin III (20 μM) was incubated in the presence of NADPH‐supplemented rat and human liver microsomes (0.5 mg protein/mL) and hepatocytes (1 million cells/mL) followed by liquid chromatography in combination with hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometric analysis to detect and identify the generated metabolites. The structures of the metabolites were characterized by comparing the accurate masses, elemental compositions as well as indicative fragment ions with those of the parent.ResultsA total of 15 metabolites were detected and identified, including 4 phase I and 11 phase II metabolites. Batatasin III is subjected to bioactivation to form reactive quinoid intermediates, which subsequently react with glutathione (GSH) via Michael addition. Glucuronidation and GSH conjugation appear to be the primary elimination pathways in rat hepatocytes, while in human hepatocytes, GSH conjugates are formed to a lesser extent. Phase I metabolic pathways include hydroxylation and demethylation.ConclusionsThe present study sheds light on the in vitro metabolic fates of batatasin III, which is indispensable for an understanding of its efficacy and safety.
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