Detection of analytes by means of field-effect transistors bearing ligand-specific receptors is fundamentally limited by the shielding created by the electrical double layer (the "Debye length" limitation). We detected small molecules under physiological high-ionic strength conditions by modifying printed ultrathin metal-oxide field-effect transistor arrays with deoxyribonucleotide aptamers selected to bind their targets adaptively. Target-induced conformational changes of negatively charged aptamer phosphodiester backbones in close proximity to semiconductor channels gated conductance in physiological buffers, resulting in highly sensitive detection. Sensing of charged and electroneutral targets (serotonin, dopamine, glucose, and sphingosine-1-phosphate) was enabled by specifically isolated aptameric stem-loop receptors.

5 mm-scale large FAPbI 3 single crystals and corresponding photoconductive properties are shown. The phase transition of FAPbI3 between the α-phase and δ-phase is studied. The carrier mobility is 4.4 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) with a lifetime of 484 ns in the bulk of the single crystal. Finally, photodetectors based on single-crystal FAPbI3 are demonstrated.

Printable electronics present a new era of wearable electronic technologies. Detailed technologies consisting of novel ink semiconductor materials, flexible substrates, and unique processing methods can be integrated to create flexible sensors. To detect various stimuli of the human body, as well as specific environments, unique electronic devices formed by "ink-based semiconductors" onto flexible and/or stretchable substrates have become a major research trend in recent years. Materials such as inorganic, organic, and hybrid semiconductors with various structures (i.e., 1D, 2D and 3D) with printing capabilities have been considered for bio and medical applications. In this review, we report recent progress in materials and devices for future wearable sensor technologies.

We demonstrate straightforward fabrication of highly sensitive biosensor arrays based on field-effect transistors, using an efficient high-throughput, large-area patterning process. Chemical lift-off lithography is used to construct field-effect transistor arrays with high spatial precision suitable for the fabrication of both micrometer- and nanometer-scale devices. Sol-gel processing is used to deposit ultrathin (∼4 nm) In2O3 films as semiconducting channel layers. The aqueous sol-gel process produces uniform In2O3 coatings with thicknesses of a few nanometers over large areas through simple spin-coating, and only low-temperature thermal annealing of the coatings is required. The ultrathin In2O3 enables construction of highly sensitive and selective biosensors through immobilization of specific aptamers to the channel surface; the ability to detect subnanomolar concentrations of dopamine is demonstrated.

The creation of new organic-inorganic phototransistors with high and broad spectral photosensitivity is reported. The extended charge transport and photoconductivity between the layers in the bilayer structure results in a notable detectivity of over 10(12) Jones and a linear dynamic range of over 100 dB at a broad spectral bandwidth across the UV-NIR range. Furthermore, the considerably reduced persistent photocurrent effect of In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO)-based hybrid phototransistors is first demonstrated via an organic-inorganic bilayer approach.

The rise of solution-processed electronics, together with their processing methods and materials, provides unique opportunities to achieve low-cost and low-temperature roll-to-roll printing of non-Si-based devices. Here, we demonstrate a wafer-scale direct light-patterned, fully transparent, all-solution-processed, and layer-by-layer-integrated electronic device. The deep ultraviolet irradiation of specially designed metal oxide gel films can generate fine-patterned shapes of ∼3 μm, which easily manifest their intrinsic properties at low-temperature annealing. This direct light patterning can be easily applied to the 4 in. wafer scale and diverse pattern shapes and provides feasibility for integrated circuit applications through the penetration of the deep ultraviolet range on the quartz mask. With this approach, we successfully fabricate all-oxide-based high-performance transparent thin-film transistors on flexible polymer substrates.

Conformal bioelectronics enable wearable, noninvasive, and health-monitoring platforms. We demonstrate a simple and straightforward method for producing thin, sensitive In2O3-based conformal biosensors based on field-effect transistors using facile solution-based processing. One-step coating via aqueous In2O3 solution resulted in ultrathin (3.5 nm), high-density, uniform films over large areas. Conformal In2O3-based biosensors on ultrathin polyimide films displayed good device performance, low mechanical stress, and highly conformal contact determined using polydimethylsiloxane artificial skin having complex curvilinear surfaces or an artificial eye. Immobilized In2O3 field-effect transistors with self-assembled monolayers of NH2-terminated silanes functioned as pH sensors. Functionalization with glucose oxidase enabled d-glucose detection at physiologically relevant levels. The conformal ultrathin field-effect transistor biosensors developed here offer new opportunities for future wearable human technologies.

Solution-processed silver nanowire networks are one of the promising candidates to replace a traditional indium tin oxide as next-generation transparent and flexible electrodes due to their ease of processing, moderate flexibility, high transparency, and low sheet resistance. To date, however, high stability of the nanowire networks remains a major challenge because the long-term usages of these electrodes are limited by their poor thermal and chemical stabilities. Existing methods for addressing this challenge mainly focus on protecting the nanowire network with additional layers that require vacuum processes, which can lead to an increment in manufacturing cost. Here, we report a straightforward strategy of a sol-gel processing as a fast and robust way to improve the stabilities of silver nanowires. Compared with reported nanoparticles embedded in nanowire networks, better thermal and chemical stabilities are achieved via sol-gel coating of TiO2 over the silver nanowire networks. The conformal surface coverage suppressed surface diffusion of silver atoms and prevented chemical corrosion from the environment. These results highlight the important role of the functional layer in providing better thermal and chemical stabilities along with improved electrical properties and mechanical robustness. The silver nanowire/TiO2 composite electrodes were applied as the source and drain electrodes for In2O3 thin-film transistors (TFTs) and the devices exhibited improved electrical performance annealed at 300 °C without the degradation of the electrodes. These key findings not only demonstrated a general and effective method to improve the thermal and chemical stabilities of metal nanowire networks but also provided a basic guideline toward rational design of highly efficient and robust composite electrodes.