BackgroundPhysical activity reduces the incidence and progression of cognitive impairment. Cognitive-motor dual-task training, which requires dividing attention between cognitive tasks and exercise, may improve various cognitive domains; therefore, we examined the effect of dual-task training on the executive functions and on plasma amyloid β peptide (Aβ) 42/40 ratio, a potent biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease, in healthy elderly people.MethodsTwenty-seven sedentary elderly people participated in a 12-week randomized, controlled trial. The subjects assigned to the dual-task training (DT) group underwent a specific cognitive-motor dual-task training, and then the clinical outcomes, including cognitive functions by the Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination and the Trail-Making Test (TMT), and the plasma Aβ 42/40 ratio following the intervention were compared with those of the control single-task training (ST) group by unpaired t-test.ResultsAmong 27 participants, 25 completed the study. The total scores in the 3MS examination as well as the muscular strength of quadriceps were equally improved in both groups after the training. The specific cognitive domains, “registration & recall”, “attention”, “verbal fluency & understanding”, and “visuospatial skills” were significantly improved only in the DT group. Higher scores in “attention”, “verbal fluency & understanding”, and “similarities” were found in the DT group than in the ST group at post-intervention. The absolute changes in the total (8.5 ± 1.6 vs 2.4 ± 0.9, p = 0.004, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.75―3.39) and in the scores of “attention” (1.9 ± 0.5 vs −0.2 ± 0.4, p = 0.004, 95 % CI 2.25―9.98) were greater in the DT group than in the ST group. We found no changes in the TMT results in either group. Plasma Aβ 42/40 ratio decreased in both groups following the training (ST group: 0.63 ± 0.13 to 0.16 ± 0.03, p = 0.001; DT group: 0.60 ± 0.12 to 0.25 ± 0.06, p = 0.044), although the pre- and post-intervention values were not different between the groups for either measure.ConclusionsCognitive-motor dual-task training was more beneficial than single-task training alone in improving broader domains of cognitive functions of elderly persons, and the improvement was not directly due to modulating Aβ metabolism.

This study indicates that the vast majority of successful ablation sites for idiopathic RVOT arrhythmias are located in the transitional-voltage zone. Mapping of the transitional-voltage zone may be an important landmark of RFCA for RVOT arrhythmia.

PA arrhythmias may be more common than previously recognized. Careful mapping and interpretation of low amplitude and multicomponent electrograms are important for recognizing ventricular arrhythmias originating from the PA.

Bundle ablation at CTI is highly effective for achieving a bidirectional block requiring shorter ablation times, shorter fluoroscopy times, and fewer RF applications.

Appropriate medical treatment can achieve favorable long-term outcomes even for patients with VSA associated with cardiac arrest.

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Initial ED evaluation is sufficient to differentiate between comatose ACS-OHCA and SAH-OHCA patients prior to further diagnostic work-up (e.g. emergent coronary angiography and head computed tomography).

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