A comprehensive investigation has been performed of the static and dynamic behaviour of detached recombining plasmas in the linear divertor plasma simulator NAGDIS-II. For stationary plasma detachment, the transition from electron-ion recombination (EIR) to molecular activated recombination (MAR) has been observed by injecting hydrogen gas into high density helium plasmas. The particle loss rate due to MAR is found to be comparable to that of EIR. Experiments have also been performed by the injection of a plasma heat pulse produced by RF heating into the detached helium plasma to demonstrate the dynamic behaviour of volumetric plasma recombination. Negative spikes in the Balmer series line emission were observed and found to be similar to the so called negative ELM observed in tokamak divertors. Observed Balmer spectra were analysed in detail using the collisional-radiative model. A rapid increase of the ion flux to the target plate was observed associated with the re-ionization of the highly excited atoms generated by EIR.

Abstract-The expression of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) was dominant in the brains and hearts of mice until the newborn phase. There is no detailed information concerning the relation between the expression of CAR and development of hearts. It is also uncertain whether CAR is able to be induced in adult hearts after cardiac injury. We demonstrated that CAR was abundant in the hearts of newborn rats but was barely detectable in the hearts of adult rats. The expression of CAR in rat hearts with experimental autoimmune myocarditis, which was induced by immunization of purified cardiac myosin, was serially investigated. Active myocarditis was observed from day 15 after immunization. By immunohistochemistry, cardiomyocytes were strongly stained for CAR antibody from days 24 to 42. CAR mRNA was also detected from days 18 to 30 by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In the next experiment, the induction of CAR on isolated cardiomyocytes was investigated. CAR was barely detectable in cultured cardiomyocytes by Western blot analysis after isolation. This molecule gradually appeared along with the creation of clusters and beating of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the induction of CAR in cultured cardiomyocytes increased after supplement with conditioned medium of rat splenocytes activated by concanavalin A. In conclusion, rat CAR is expressed strongly in the hearts of newborn rats and is suppressed in those of adult rats.

The formation of a vibrationally excited photoproduct of nickel octaethylporphyrin (NiOEP) upon (π, π*) excitation and its subsequent vibrational energy relaxation were monitored by picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. Stokes Raman bands due to the photoproduct instantaneously appeared upon the photoexcitation. Their intensities decayed with a time constant of ∼300 ps, which indicates electronic relaxation from the (d, d) excited state (B1g) to the ground state (A1g), being consistent with the results of transient absorption measurements by Holten and co-workers [D. Kim, C. Kirmaier, and D. Holten, Chem. Phys. 75, 305 (1983); J. Rodriguez and D. Holten, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 3525 (1989)]. The Raman frequencies of NiOEP in the (d, d) excited state are shifted to lower frequencies compared to those of the ground state species, and it is reasonably interpreted by the core size expansion of the macrocycle by 0.05 Å upon the electron promotion from the dz2 to the dx2−y2 orbital. Anti-Stokes ν4 intensity in the vibrationally excited (d, d) state of NiOEP appeared promptly and decayed with time constants of 11±2 and 330±40 ps. The former is ascribed to vibrational relaxation, while the latter corresponds to the electronic relaxation from the (d, d) excited state to the electronic ground state. In contrast, the rise of anti-Stokes ν7 intensity was not instantaneous, but delayed by 2.6±0.5 ps, which indicates that intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution has not been completed in subpicosecond time regime. The peak position of the ν4 band shifted by nearly 5 cm−1 between 0 and 50 ps. The time constant for the shift of the ν4 band was 9.2±1.3 ps, which was close to that for the fast component of intensity decay of anti-Stokes bands. The ν4 band became narrower and symmetric as the delay time increases. These can be ascribed to intramolecular anharmonic coupling of the ν4 mode with the low frequency modes. The intra- and intermolecular vibrational energy relaxation in the metal excited state will be discussed.

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