Summary Background Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05–10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27–6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53–4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06–2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71–0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27–1·58) deaths per 1...

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UKK Nutrisi dan Penyakit Metabolik Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia pada tahun 2018 menerbitkan buklet berjudul Pemberian Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu (MPASI). Dalam publikasi tersebut disampaikan bahwa MPASI diberikan ketika air susu ibu (ASI) saja tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi bayi. Batasan waktu yang dipakai untuk memulai pemberian MPASI adalah ketika bayi berusia enam bula

Background: Elderly (>60 years old) population is growing in Indonesia. It is important to prevent degradation of cognitive capacity by risk factor identifi cation and treatment. Objective: To identify the relationship between anthropometric status and cognitive capacity on elderly population. Method: This is an analysis of The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS5) data with cross-sectional design. Anthropometric status is consisted of: body weight, body height, body mass index (BMI), knee height, upper arm length, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Cognitive capacity is measured by modifi ed telephone survey of cognitive status (TICS). Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney test are used for bivariate analysis, logistic regression is used for multivariate analysis. Results: Variables with signifi cant relationship to cognitive capacity are body weight (p=0.0002), body height (p=0.0001), knee height (p=0.0387), upper arm length (p=0.0114), age (p=0.011), sex (p=0.014), and history of hypercholesterolemia (p=0.003). Logistic regression shows that body height, age, and history of hypercholesterolemia are simultaneously affecting cognitive capacity. Conclusion: There is signifi cant relationship between body height, body weight, upper arm length, knee height, and cognitive capacity on elderly population with obesity. ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Jumlah dan proporsi penduduk Indonesia yang tergolong lanjut usia (60 tahun ke atas) semakin bertambah dari waktu ke waktu. Perlu dilakukan pencegahan penurunan kemampuan kognitif melalui identifi kasi dan penanganan faktor risiko. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan status antropometri terhadap kemampuan kognitif pada populasi lanjut usia obesitas. Metode: Analisis data sekunder dengan desain cross-sectional. Data dari penelitian The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS5) yang dilakukan pada September 2014 hingga September 2015. Status antropometri yang dianalisis yaitu berat badan, tinggi badan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), tinggi lutut, panjang lengan atas, lingkar pinggang, lingkar pinggul, dan rasio lingkar pinggang terhadap lingkar pinggul (RLPP). Kemampuan kognitif diukur dengan telephone survey of cognitive status (TICS) yang dimodifi kasi. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan Mann-Whitney, dilanjutkan dengan regresi logistik untuk analisis multivariat. Hasil: Variabel yang memiliki hubungan bermakna terhadap kemampuan kognitif adalah berat badan (p=0,0002); tinggi badan (p=0,0001); tinggi lutut (p=0,0387); panjang lengan atas (p=0,0114); usia (p=0,011); jenis kelamin (p=0,014); dan riwayat hiperkolesterolemia (p=0,003). Hasil regresi logistik menyatakan variabel yang secara bersama-sama mempengaruhi kemampuan kognitif adalah tinggi badan, usia, dan riwayat hiperkolesterolemia. Simpulan: Tinggi badan, berat badan, panjang lengan atas, dan tinggi lutut berhubungan bermakna terhadap kemampuan kognitif pada populasi lanjut usia obesitas. PENDAHULUANJumlah penduduk Indonesia yang tergolong la...