Backgrounds: Epigenetic influence plays a role in the association between exposure to air pollution and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, research regarding sulfur dioxide (SO2) is scarce. Herein, we investigate the associations between prenatal SO2 exposure and ADHD rating scale (ARS) scores at ages 4, 6, and 8 years repeatedly in a mother-child cohort (n = 329). Whole blood samples were obtained at ages 2 and 6 years, and genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) was analyzed for 51 children using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation BeadChip. We analyzed the associations between prenatal SO2 exposure and DNAm levels at ages 2 and 6, and investigated the association between the DNAm levels at the significant CpGs and ARS at ages 4, 6, and 8. Weighted gene co-methylation network analysis was conducted to detect modules weighted for prenatal SO2 exposure and ARS.Results: Prenatal SO2 exposure was associated with ADHD symptoms. DNAm levels at the 6 CpGs (cg07583420 (INS-IGF2), cg05075097 (INS-IGF2), cg25163476 (INS-IGF2), cg20296524 (TARBP1), cg15705054 (PBXIP1), and cg05951817 (SLC6A4)) at age 2 were associated with prenatal SO2 exposure levels; however, DNAm at age 6 was not associated with prenatal SO2 exposure. Of the 6 CpGs, 5 were grouped into a module correlated with prenatal SO2 exposure and ARS, of which cg07583420 (INS-IGF2) was persistently linked with ARS at ages 4, 6, and 8. Conclusions: Changes in DNAm levels associated with prenatal SO2 exposure during early childhood are linked to increases in ARS in later childhood.
Backgrounds : Epigenetic influence plays a role in the association between exposure to air pollution and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, research regarding sulfur dioxide (SO2) is scarce. Herein, we investigate the associations between prenatal SO2 exposure and ADHD rating scale (ARS) scores at ages 4, 6, and 8 years repeatedly in a mother-child cohort (n = 329). Whole blood samples were obtained at ages 2 and 6 years, and genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) was analyzed for 51 children using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation BeadChip. We analyzed the associations between prenatal SO2 exposure and DNAm levels at ages 2 and 6, and investigated the association between the DNAm levels at the significant CpGs and ARS at ages 4, 6, and 8. Weighted gene co-methylation network analysis was conducted to detect modules weighted for prenatal SO2 exposure and ARS. Results Prenatal SO2 exposure was associated with ADHD symptoms. DNAm levels at the 6 CpGs (cg07583420 (INS-IGF2), cg05075097 (INS-IGF2), cg25163476 (INS-IGF2), cg20296524 (TARBP1), cg15705054 (PBXIP1), and cg05951817 (SLC6A4)) at age 2 were associated with prenatal SO2 exposure levels; however, DNAm at age 6 was not associated with prenatal SO2 exposure. Of the 6 CpGs, 5 were grouped into a module correlated with prenatal SO2 exposure and ARS, of which cg07583420 (INS-IGF2) was persistently linked with ARS at ages 4, 6, and 8. Conclusions Changes in DNAm levels associated with prenatal SO2 exposure during early childhood are linked to increases in ARS in later childhood.
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