Background:Inflammatory cytokines are the key factor in the pathophysiology of acne. It is well known that keratinocytes synthesize many kinds of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, it is reported that inflammatory cytokines are also expressed from sebocytes, which originate from the same stem cells with keratinocytes.Aim:To clarify changes in the expression of inflammatory biomarkers from cultured sebocytes after treatment with vitamin D.Materials and Methods:Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done to measure changes in the expression of inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and several subtypes of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after treatment of a group of cultured sebocytes with vitamin D. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) small interfering RNA (siRNA) was added in the other group of cultured sebocytes to assure the role of vitamin D on the expression of inflammatory biomarkers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also performed in the vitamin D-treated sebocytes.Results:Cultured sebocytes showed non-significant changes in the gene expression of inflammatory biomarkers after treatment with vitamin D. In cultured sebocytes treated with a VDR siRNA, the expression of inflammatory biomarkers was not blocked after treatment with vitamin D. ELISA showed a significant decrease in the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9, but a significant increase in the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, after treatment with vitamin D (10-6 M).Conclusion:Expression of inflammatory biomarkers is influenced by treatment with vitamin D in cultured sebocytes, but not through VDR.
Abstract:The dark triad, composed of Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism, refers to negative personality traits, which may influence business processes. While negative traits could be an important factor explaining the relationship between a CEO's immoral and unethical behavior and corporate social responsibility (CSR), there has been minimal research focusing on this relationship. This paper thus attempts to investigate how a CEO exhibiting these negative traits affects CSR, and if an employee's perception of ethics and social responsibility would mediate the relationship. In addition, this paper considers the moderating effects of an individual performance-based compensation system (IPBCS) between employee's CSR perception and CSR activities. The data are collected through a survey conducted on 165 employees (companies) in twelve industries. The regression result indicates an inverse relationship between the negative traits of a CEO and an employee's perception of ethics and social responsibility and CSR activities, and the mediating effect of the perception in the relationship between the negative traits and CSR activities. It also indicates that an IPBCS moderates the relationship between CSR perception and activities. Implications for the study, future research directions, and management approach are discussed.
BackgroundThere are various histological prognostic parameters of cutaneous malignant melanoma, including tumor thickness and ulceration. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are among these parameters and can be further classified into three categories: 'absent', 'non-brisk' and 'brisk'. Brisk TIL usually indicates better clinical prognosis. Microscopic satellite (Ms) is defined as a nest of tumor cells that is greater than 0.05 mm in diameter and definitely separated from the main tumor. Even though the incidence of Ms varies according to Breslow thickness, the presence of Ms generally indicates poor prognosis.ObjectiveClinical significance of both TIL and Ms has been extensively studied in western populations but much less so in Asian countries, including Korea, where acral melanoma is the most common subtype.MethodsWe reviewed 90 patients with acral melanoma diagnosed at Kyungpook National University Hospital in Korea. Tissue specimens were examined using hematoxylin-eosin and HMB45 immunohistochemical staining. They were also evaluated by the presence and categorization of TIL (absent, non-brisk and brisk) and the presence of Ms. We further evaluated their impact on survival events (recurrence, distant metastasis and death).ResultsThe number of survival events by TIL type was 22 in the absent category (22/64, 34.4%), 3 in the non-brisk category (3/25, 12.0%) and 0 in the brisk category. For Ms, survival events were present in 7 patients in Ms-present group (7/11, 63.6%) and 21 patients in Ms-absent group (21/79, 26.6%).ConclusionWe suggest the possibility of TIL and Ms as prognostic indicators for acral melanoma in Korean population.
Primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (C-ALCL) is the second most common type of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The median age of onset of C-ALCL is 60 years. Presented here is a case of congenital CD30-positive (CD30(+)) primary C-ALCL in a 10-day-old neonate who presented with a large erythematous indurative plaque in the right postauricular area. A systemic workup of the patient excluded other potential causes. The neonate was treated with wide excision, but chemotherapy or radiation therapy was not administered, as the patient's parents did not consent to such treatment. The patient has been monitored for 30 months after excision and there has been no disease recurrence. C-ALCL rarely occurs in children, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a neonate with congenital primary C-ALCL.
The device is an effective therapeutic modality for palmar hyperhidrosis in addition to local injection of botulinum toxin, endoscopic sympathectomy, and conventional iontophoretic treatments.
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