Several neutral solutes, ranging in size from methanol to a tetrasaccharide, stachyose, are shown to stabilize the left-handed Z form of the methylated polynucleotide poly(dG-m5dC). The action of these solutes is consistent with an osmotic stress, that is, with their effect on water chemical potentials coupled to a difference in the number of associated water molecules between the B and Z conformations. The apparent difference in hydration between the two forms is, however, dependent on the particular solute used to probe the reaction. The effect of solutes is not consistent either with a direct binding of solute or with an indirect effect on electrostatics or ion binding through changes in the solution dielectric constant. The interplay of NaCl and neutral solute in modulating the B-Z transition suggests that salt also could be stabilizing the Z form through an osmotic stress.

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ABSTRACT:The essential role of design process visualization is to capture and represent design information as well as the change of design objects to keep track of reasons behind decision-making activities. The most prominent benefit of BIM, among its wide-spectrum potentials, would be that it made possible to consider simulated building performances such as energy efficiency for critical decision-making criteria even during the early stages of design project. Advanced design process visualization centered around BIM calls for reflecting performance-oriented design information generated from the various simulation tools from the early stages of building project. This will certainly demand a different approach in terms of process modeling and representation strategies. This paper introduces a visualization tool addressing these issues. It is on the top of an Open BIM Server to manage evolving IFC data model in a systematic way, integrating quantitative design data generated from performance evaluation tools. A data model was developed to represent the design process composed of evolving versions and alternatives interwoven with decision-making factors. The system, with its timeline-based interactive user interface, will give a better insight into the design process and easy access to the reasons behind decision-makings in an intuitive way.

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