The brown planthopper (BPH) and white-backed planthopper (WBPH) are the most destructive insect pests of rice, and they pose serious threats to rice production throughout Asia. Thus, there are urgent needs to identify resistance-conferring genes and to breed planthopper-resistant rice varieties. Here we report the map-based cloning and functional analysis of Bph6, a gene that confers resistance to planthoppers in rice. Bph6 encodes a previously uncharacterized protein that localizes to exocysts and interacts with the exocyst subunit OsEXO70E1. Bph6 expression increases exocytosis and participates in cell wall maintenance and reinforcement. A coordinated cytokinin, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathway is activated in Bph6-carrying plants, which display broad resistance to all tested BPH biotypes and to WBPH without sacrificing yield, as these plants were found to maintain a high level of performance in a field that was heavily infested with BPH. Our results suggest that a superior resistance gene that evolved long ago in a region where planthoppers are found year round could be very valuable for controlling agricultural insect pests.
A systematic study on controlled synthesis of ZnO nanotetrapods by combining metal‐vapor transport, oxidative nucleation/growth, fast‐flow quenching, and water‐assisted cleaning is reported. The technique developed in this work makes possible the fabrication of ZnO nanotetrapods with different morphologies, with arm diameters down to 17 nm, and with arm lengths ranging from 50 nm up to a few micrometers. The octa‐twin model is verified for the growth of the ZnO nanotetrapods. Photoluminescence (PL) studies indicate a higher level of surface and subsurface oxygen vacancies for smaller ZnO nanotetrapods. The ZnO nanotetrapods are first used for the fabrication of resistor‐type humidity sensors, which show high sensitivity, quick response/recovery, long lifetime, and a wide range of humidity response. These favorite characteristics of the humidity sensors are ascribed to the unique morphology of the nanotetrapods, which can create a film with faceted pores and large internal surfaces.
HighlightA brown planthopper resistance recessive gene, BPH29, was cloned which contained a B3 DNA-binding domain and conferred resistance by a mechanism that was similar to plant defence against pathogens.
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