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We report the design, fabrication, and measurement of a broadband metamaterial absorber, which consists of lossy frequency selective surface (FSS) and a metallic ground plane separated by a dielectric layer. The compact single unit cell of the FSS contains crisscross and fractal square patch which couple with each other. Both qualitative analysis by equivalent circuit and accurate numeric calculation show that the coupling between the crisscross and the fractal square patch can enhance the bandwidth with the reflectivity below -10dB in the frequency range of 2-18GHz by producing a third absorption null. In the end, the designed absorber was realized by experiment.

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Cities are the major contributors to energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, as well as being leading innovators and implementers of policy measures in climate change mitigation. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is an agglomeration of cities put forward by China to strengthen international cooperation among "Belt and Road" countries and promote low-carbon, inclusive, coordinated and sustainable development. Few studies have discussed the emission characteristics of GBA cities. This study, for the first time, compiles emission inventories of 11 GBA cities and their surroundings based on IPCC territorial emission accounting approach, which are consistent and comparable with the national and provincial inventories. Results show that (a) total emissions increased from 426 Mt in 2000 to 610 Mt in 2016, while emissions of GBA cities increased rapidly by 6.9% over 2000-2011 and peaked in 2014 (334 Mt); (b) raw coal and diesel oil are the top two emitters by energy type, while energy production sector and tertiary industry are the top two largest sectors; (c) GBA cities take the lead in lowcarbon development and emitted 4% of total national emissions and contributed 13% of national GDP with less than a third of national emission intensities and less than three-quarters of national per capita emissions; (d) Macao, Shenzhen and Hong Kong have the top three lowest emission intensity in the country; (e) most of GBA cities are experiencing the shift from an industrial economy to a service economy, while Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Foshan and Huizhou reached their peak emissions and Guangzhou, Dongguan and Jiangmen remained decreasing emission tendencies; (g) for those coal-dominate or energy-production cities (i.e. Zhuhai,

Wire-based metamaterial absorbers, as a kind of simple but versatile artificial structures, have been widely investigated from microwave to optical frequencies. In order to completely understand how the constitutive parameters affect the absorption properties, an equivalent circuit model is developed in this paper. The analytical, numerical, and experimental results show that the absorption frequency is determined by the wire length and the spacer electromagnetic parameters, whereas the absorption level by the thickness of spacers and losses which include Ohmic loss of the metal as well as dielectric loss of the spacers. It is also explained why the small losses have hardly any effect on the absorption frequency, but can result in the near-unity absorption. Based on the circuit model, some strategies for designing broadband absorbers are discussed finally.