A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, designated strain A8T, was isolated from the beach soil of Muchangpo, Korea. Cells were rod-shaped (0.5–0.6×0.7–1.3 µm) and colonies were colourless, circular with entire edges and had a glistening surface. The isolate grew optimally at 25–35 °C and did not require NaCl for growth. Strain A8T could not assimilate acetate, dl-lactate, succinate, antipyrine or chloridazon, but weakly assimilated l-phenylalanine. Major fatty acids were summed feature 7 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c/ω9t/ω12t), C16 : 0 and summed feature 4 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c/ iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 and the DNA G+C content was 72.3 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed that strain A8T belonged to the family Caulobacteraceae , class Alphaproteobacteria and was most closely related to type strains of members of the genus Phenylobacterium (95.7–97.1 % similarity). Signature nucleotides and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence also suggested that strain A8T was affiliated with the genus Phenylobacterium . Low DNA–DNA relatedness values (3.0±1.8–11.5±3.2 %) indicated that strain A8T represented a distinct species that was separated from other type strains in the genus Phenylobacterium . On the basis of evidence from a polyphasic study, it is proposed that strain A8T ( = KACC 15042T  = LMG 25973T) represents the type strain of a novel species, Phenylobacterium muchangponense sp. nov. An emended description of the genus Phenylobacterium is also presented.

A Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, designated HJ50T , was isolated from deep seawater of the East Sea, South Korea. Cells were ovoid to rod-shaped (0.5-0.8¾1.3-3.0 mm), often with unequal ends, suggesting a budding mode of reproduction. The strain had an absolute requirement for sea salts and tolerated up to 20 % (w/v) sea salts. T and the type strains of Roseovarius species were grown on MA at 30 u C for 3 days.Morphology and cell size were determined by phasecontrast microscopy (Nikon 80i). Gram staining was performed with BD Gram stain kits according to the instructions of the manufacturer and by the non-staining method as described by Buck (1982). Flagellation was examined by transmission electron microscopy using cells grown on MA at 30 u C. A Formvar-coated grid was floated on a droplet of sample on Parafilm for 1 min to permit adsorption of the specimen. The grid was then transferred onto a drop of negative stain (1 % phosphotungstic acid) for 30 s, blotted with filter paper and then air-dried. The

A yellow-pigmented, Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated CS100 T , was isolated from soil in Chungbuk, Korea. Phylogenetic analysis and comparative studies based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain CS100 T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain CS100 T showed the highest sequence similarities to Flavobacterium glaciei JCM 13953 T (97.6 %) and Flavobacterium johnsoniae KACC 11410 T (97.1 %). Sequence similarity to other members of the genus Flavobacterium was 91.5-97.0 %. Growth occurred at 4-30 6C, at pH 5.0-9.0 and in the presence of 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl. Flexirubin-type pigments were produced. Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the major respiratory quinone and the major fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 (17.3 %), summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH and/or C 16 : 1 v7c, 15.5 %) and C 16 : 0 (11.8 %). The DNA G+C content was 36.4 mol%. Strain CS100 T hydrolysed skimmed milk and gelatin, but not chitin or pectin, and showed oxidase and catalase activities. DNA-DNA relatedness was 3.0 % with F. glaciei JCM 13953 T and 11.5 % with F. johnsoniae KACC 11410 T . On the basis of the evidence from this study, strain CS100 T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium chungbukense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CS100 T (5KACC 15048 T 5JCM 17386 T ).

Two strains of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, which could couple lactate oxidation to iron reduction for energy conservation, were isolated from Arctic marine sediment. The strains, IR12 T and IR26, were both Gram-staining-negative, catalase-and oxidase-positive and facultative anaerobes. Their cells were rod-shaped and motile by means of a polar flagellum. Both strains grew in the presence of 0.5-3.5 % (w/v) NaCl, with an absolute requirement for Na + . Both were psychrotolerant since they could grow at 4-28 6C but had an optimum growth temperature of 20 6C. Both grew at pH 4.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5).

T , but they differed from this strain in the hydrolysis of biopolymers and in the production of carotenoid and flexirubin-type pigments. Both strains possessed iso-C 15 : 0 , summed feature 4 (C 16 : 1 v7c and/or iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH) and C 15 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The G+C contents of the genomic DNA of strains PCP11T and PCP104 were 39.6 and 41.9 mol%, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference, it is proposed that the two isolates represent a novel species, Reichenbachiella faecimaris sp. nov., with strain PCP11 T (5KACC 14523 T 5JCM 16588 T ) as the type strain. Emended descriptions of the genus Reichenbachiella and Reichenbachiella agariperforans are also proposed.