Visible
light can drive esterification from aldehydes and alcohols using supported
gold nanoparticles (Au/Al2O3) as photocatalysts
at ambient temperatures. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) absorb visible
light due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect,
and the conduction electrons of the AuNPs gain the energy of the incident
light. The energetic electrons, which concentrate at the NP surface,
facilitate the activation of a range of aldehyde and alcohol substrates.
The photocatalytic efficiencies strongly depend on the Au loading,
particle sizes of the AuNPs, irradiance, and wavelength of the light
irradiation. Finally, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed,
and the Au/Al2O3 catalysts can be reused several
times without significantly losing activity. The knowledge acquired
in this study may inspire further studies in new efficient recyclable
photocatalysts and a wide range of organic synthesis driven by sunlight.
An aminolysis reaction between various aryl esters and inert tertiary amines by C-O and C-N bond activations has been developed for the selective synthesis of a broad scope of tertiary amides under neutral and mild conditions. The mechanism may undergo the two key steps of oxidative addition of acyl C-O bond in parent ester and C-N bond cleavage of tertiary amine via an iminium-type intermediate.
Catalyzed by supported palladium nanoparticles, a decarbonylative amidation reaction between various aryl esters and formamides by C–O bond activation has been developed for the synthesis of amides.
Catalyzed by supported gold nanoparticles, an aminolysis reaction between various aryl esters and inert tertiary amines by C-O and C-N bond activations has been developed for the selective synthesis of tertiary amides. Comparison studies indicated that the gold nanoparticles could perform energy-efficient green catalysis at room temperature, whereas Pd(OAc)2 could not.
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