This study assessed the profiles of psychological health and changes in neurohormones of adolescents with mild depression after 12 weeks of dance movement therapy (DMT). Forty middle school seniors (mean age: 16 years old) volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned into either a dance movement group (n = 20) or a control group (n = 20). All subscale scores of psychological distress and global scores decreased significantly after the 12 weeks in the DMT group. Plasma serotonin concentration increased and dopamine concentration decreased in the DMT group. These results suggest that DMT may stabilize the sympathetic nervous system. In conclusion, DMT may be effective in beneficially modulating concentrations of serotonin and dopamine, and in improving psychological distress in adolescents with mild depression.

The Compensation Hypothesis says that parents and prospective parents attempt to make up for lowered offspring viability by increasing reproductive effort to produce healthy, competitive offspring and by increasing investment in less viable, but still-living progeny (parental effects). The hypothesis assumes that offspring viability is lower when individuals are constrained (often through sexual conflict) to breed with individuals they do not prefer. We review results of experimental tests of the offspring-viability assumption in Tanzanian cockroaches, fruit flies, pipefish, wild mallards, and feral house mice. Experimental constraints on mating preferences lowered offspring viability in each of the studies. Females breeding under constraints laid more eggs or gave birth to more young than females breeding without or with fewer constraints on their mating preferences, and males mating under constraints on their mate preferences ejaculated more sperm than males mating without constraints. The number of eggs laid or offspring born was higher when female choosers were experimentally constrained to reproduce with males they did not prefer. Constrained females may increase fecundity to enhance the probability that they produce adult offspring with rarer phenotypes with survival benefits against offspring generation pathogens. Similarly, ejaculation of more sperm when males are paired with females they do not prefer may be a mechanism that provides more variable sperm haplotypes for prospective mothers or that may provide nutritional benefits to mothers and zygotes. differential allocation ͉ fecundity ͉ sexual conflict ͉ constraints hypothesis T he Compensation Hypothesis (CH) (1, 2) says that parents and prospective parents increase reproductive effort and investments in offspring to make up for lowered offspring viability resulting from reproduction under constraints. It predicts what individuals do when they are unable to mate with preferred partners as often happens under sexual conflict, i.e., when individuals are constrained to reproduce with partners they do not prefer. The hypothesis assumes that (i) when constrained individuals have other options, they resist reproduction with partners they do not prefer, but sometimes resistance is unsuccessful and individuals then attempt to make the best of a bad job; and (ii) constraints on the free expression of mate preferences negatively affect offspring viability. In this work, we introduce the assumptions and predictions of the CH; in Results and Discussion we describe combined analyses over independent studies designed to test the assumptions and predictions of the CH, and we contrast our results with predictions from classical sexual selection.

for the Korean Retina Society IMPORTANCE Iatrogenic occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and its branches is a rare but devastating complication of cosmetic facial filler injections.OBJECTIVE To investigate clinical and angiographic features of iatrogenic occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and its branches caused by cosmetic facial filler injections. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data from 44 patients with occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and its branches after cosmetic facial filler injections were obtained retrospectively from a national survey completed by members of the Korean Retina Society from 27 retinal centers. Clinical features were compared between patients grouped by angiographic findings and injected filler material. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESVisual prognosis and its relationship to angiographic findings and injected filler material.RESULTS Ophthalmic artery occlusion was classified into 6 types according to angiographic findings. Twenty-eight patients had diffuse retinal and choroidal artery occlusions (ophthalmic artery occlusion, generalized posterior ciliary artery occlusion, and central retinal artery occlusion). Sixteen patients had localized occlusions (localized posterior ciliary artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy). Patients with diffuse occlusions showed worse initial and final visual acuity and less visual gain compared with those having localized occlusions. Patients receiving autologous fat injections (n = 22) had diffuse ophthalmic artery occlusions, worse visual prognosis, and a higher incidence of combined brain infarction compared with patients having hyaluronic acid injections (n = 13).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinical features of iatrogenic occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and its branches following cosmetic facial filler injections were diverse according to the location and extent of obstruction and the injected filler material. Autologous fat injections were associated with a worse visual prognosis and a higher incidence of combined cerebral infarction. Extreme caution and care should be taken during these injections, and physicians should be aware of a diverse spectrum of complications following cosmetic facial filler injections.

Bacteria in the gut can modulate the availability and efficacy of therapeutic drugs. Yet, the systematic mapping of the respective interactions has only started recently 1 and the main underlying mechanism proposed is chemical transformation of drugs by microbes (biotransformation). Here, we investigated the depletion of 15 structurally diverse drugs by 25 representative gut bacterial strains. This revealed 70 bacteria-drug interactions, 29 of which had not been reported before. Over half of the new interactions can be ascribed to bioaccumulation, that is bacteria storing the drug intracellularly without chemically modifying it, and in most cases without their growth being affected. As a case in point, we studied the molecular basis of bioaccumulation of the widely used antidepressant duloxetine by using clickchemistry, thermal proteome profiling and metabolomics. We find that duloxetine binds to several metabolic enzymes and changes metabolite secretion of the respective bacteria. When tested in a defined microbial community of accumulators and non-accumulators, duloxetine markedly altered the community composition through metabolic cross-feeding. We further validated our findings in an animal model, showing that bioaccumulating bacteria attenuate the behavioral response of Caenorhabditis elegans to duloxetine. Taken together, bioaccumulation by gut bacteria may be a common mechanism that alters drug availability and bacterial metabolism, with implications for microbiota composition, pharmacokinetics, side effects and drug responses, likely in an individual manner.Therapeutic drugs can have a strong impact on the gut microbiome and vice versa 2-5 . The underlying drug-bacteria interactions can reduce microbial fitness 6 or alter the drug availability through biotransformation 7-14 . The latter can have either a positive or a negative impact on drug activity and efficacy. While drugs like lovastatin and sulfasalazine are chemically transformed by gut bacteria into their active forms, bacterial metabolism can inactivate drugs such as digoxin 15,16 , or cause toxic effects as in the case of irinotecan 17 .Furthering the diversity of susceptible drugs, over one hundred molecules were recently reported to be chemically modified by gut bacteria 1 . Yet, the mechanistic view on these interactions is largely confined to drug biotransformation 12,13 . Drug accumulation without metabolizationTo expand the knowledge of bacterial effect on drug availability, we systematically profiled interactions between 15 human-targeted drugs and 25 representative human gut bacterial strains (21 species; with additional subspecies or conspecific strains of Bifidobacterium longum, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides uniformis) (Supplementary Table 1). The bacterial species were selected to cover a broad phylogenetic and metabolic diversity representative of the healthy microbiota 18 (Extended Data Fig. 1a, Supplementary Table 1). On the drug side, 12 orally administered small molecule drugs (MW<500 Da), amenable to UPLC-UV-based quantificat...

We are unique in reporting a repetition of Bateman [Bateman AJ (1948) Heredity (Edinb) 2:349-368] using his methods of parentage assignment, which linked sex differences in variance of reproductive success and variance in number of mates in small populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Using offspring phenotypes, we inferred who mated with whom and assigned offspring to parents. Like Bateman, we cultured adults expressing dramatic phenotypes, so that each adult was heterozygous-dominant at its unique marker locus but had only wild-type alleles at all other subjects' marker loci. Assuming no viability effects of parental markers on offspring, the frequencies of parental phenotypes in offspring follow Mendelian expectations: one-quarter will be double-mutants who inherit the dominant gene from each parent, the offspring from which Bateman counted the number of mates per breeder; half of the offspring must be single mutants inheriting the dominant gene of one parent and the wild-type allele of the other parent; and one-quarter would inherit neither of their parent's marker mutations. Here we show that inviability of double-mutant offspring biased inferences of mate number and number of offspring on which rest inferences of sex differences in fitness variances. Bateman's method overestimated subjects with zero mates, underestimated subjects with one or more mates, and produced systematically biased estimates of offspring number by sex. Bateman's methodology mismeasured fitness variances that are the key variables of sexual selection.genetic parentage | monogamy B ateman's study (1) of within-sex selection in Drosophila melanogaster is a foundational paper in sexual selection, second only to Darwin's pioneering book (2); it empirically anchored within-sex variance in number of mates (V NM ) as a key correlate of variance in reproductive success (V RS ) and as the metric of sexual selection. Bateman said his results showed that male number of mates (NM) was more variable than female NM; male reproductive success (RS) was more variable than female RS; and RS in males, but not in females, was because of NM. His conclusions were: sexual selection acted primarily on males through female choice and through male competition and profligacy in mating, so that some males mated more frequently than others, producing higher V RS among males than among females because of the positive relationship between number of mates and reproductive success for males, but not for females.Bateman's (1) paper was cited relatively infrequently before its rediscovery by Trivers (3), who used Bateman's results to buttress his arguments that the sex-differential cost of reproduction selectively favored coy, discriminating females and competitive, ardent males. After Trivers (3), citation of Bateman soared (4), as it did again after Arnold (5) discussed "Bateman's Principles" as corollaries of sex differences in behavior and fitness variances. Given its paradigmatic status, Bateman's paper has inspired further studies of V NM and V RS (6, 7), many o...

Using Drosophila pseudoobscura, we tested the hypothesis that social constraints on the free expression of mate preferences, by both females and males, decrease offspring viability and reproductive success of mating pairs. Mate preference arenas eliminated intrasexual combat and intersexual coercion. The time female and male choosers spent in arena tests near either of two opposite-sex individuals measured the preferences of choosers. We placed choosers in breeding trials with their preferred or nonpreferred discriminatee when they met the minimum criteria for showing the same preference in two consecutive tests. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of female and male choosers meeting minimal preference criteria. There was a significant difference between female and male choosers for offspring viability, with female choice having the greater effect, but there was not a significant difference in the overall reproductive success of male and female choosers. There were significant differences in fitness between matings to preferred and nonpreferred partners. Female and male choosers paired with their nonpreferred discriminatees had offspring of significantly lower viability, as predicted by the constraints hypothesis. Reproductive success, our measure of overall fitness, was greater when males or females mated with the partner they preferred rather than the one they did not prefer.constraints hypothesis S ocial constraints on the free expression of mate preferences may affect offspring viability and reproductive success of choosers as suggested by commentators (1) on Partridge's (2) classic study, which was the first to associate offspring viability with mate choice. That mate preferences affect offspring viability also is an important prediction of hypotheses about the cues mediating mate preference (3), particularly those focused on mate compatibility at loci affecting immune function in offspring (4-6). Many studies have demonstrated that females prefer males with more elaborate secondary sexual characteristics (7), and other studies have shown that males with the most exaggerated secondary sexual traits are healthier than other males (8-12). However, relatively few studies (13-15) have shown benefits in offspring viability for females reproducing with males having traits preferred by most females. In contrast, recent studies on the benefits of mate preferences for choosers, without reference to traits of discriminatees that may mediate preferences, showed that mate preferences of females and males affect offspring viability (16-21), productivity of mating pairs (22), and chooser longevity (23). We tested the constraints hypothesis (24-26) that says social or ecological constraints on reproductive decisions, those that prevent individuals from reproducing with their preferred partner(s), result in lower offspring viability and lower overall reproductive success.To test predictions of the constraints hypothesis, we used the same methodology with Drosophila pseudoobscura as Drickamer ...

Polyandrous mating is common, but the benefits for females of polyandry remain controversial. To test whether mating with multiple males affects female fitness, we compared lifetime components of fitness of three experimental sets of Drosophila pseudoobscura females: monogamous females allowed to copulate one time (M OC ); monogamous females held with a male over her entire life and experiencing many copulations (M MC ); and polyandrous females with a different male over each day of their lives and also experiencing many copulations (P MC ). Consistent with previous studies in this species, females in treatments in which multiple copulations occurred, M MC and P MC , had offspring with significantly higher egg-to-adult survival (i.e., offspring viability) and higher numbers of adult offspring (i.e., productivity) than M OC females, showing that multiple inseminations enhance offspring and mother fitness. In addition, although M MC females laid significantly more eggs than polyandrous (P MC ) females, percent egg-toadult survival and number of adult offspring were higher for P MC than M MC females, showing that polyandrous mating enhances the fitness of females more than multiply mating with only one male. Inconsistent with the cost of reproduction, lifespan was not significantly longer for M OC females than for M MC or P MC females. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine simultaneously in outbred WT Drosophila pseudoobscura the lifetime costs and benefits to females of polyandry, monogamy with a single copulation, and monogamy with repeat copulations.fitness | mating system | monogamy | multiple mating

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