Polyandrous mating is common, but the benefits for females of polyandry remain controversial. To test whether mating with multiple males affects female fitness, we compared lifetime components of fitness of three experimental sets of Drosophila pseudoobscura females: monogamous females allowed to copulate one time (M OC ); monogamous females held with a male over her entire life and experiencing many copulations (M MC ); and polyandrous females with a different male over each day of their lives and also experiencing many copulations (P MC ). Consistent with previous studies in this species, females in treatments in which multiple copulations occurred, M MC and P MC , had offspring with significantly higher egg-to-adult survival (i.e., offspring viability) and higher numbers of adult offspring (i.e., productivity) than M OC females, showing that multiple inseminations enhance offspring and mother fitness. In addition, although M MC females laid significantly more eggs than polyandrous (P MC ) females, percent egg-toadult survival and number of adult offspring were higher for P MC than M MC females, showing that polyandrous mating enhances the fitness of females more than multiply mating with only one male. Inconsistent with the cost of reproduction, lifespan was not significantly longer for M OC females than for M MC or P MC females. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine simultaneously in outbred WT Drosophila pseudoobscura the lifetime costs and benefits to females of polyandry, monogamy with a single copulation, and monogamy with repeat copulations.fitness | mating system | monogamy | multiple mating