The terms oral lichenoid reactions or oral lichenoid lesions refer to lesions histologically and clinically similar to oral lichen planus, though with the particularity that in these cases the underlying cause is identifiable. In addition, these lesions are described according to the causal factor involved, including alterations resulting from direct contact with dental restoration materials, drug-related lesions, and lesions associated to graft-versus-host disease. Drug-induced oral lichenoid reactions or oral lichenoid lesions were first cited in 1971 by Almeyda and Levantine. Since then, many drug substances have been associated with such lesions. The most common agents are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
Key words: Oral lichenoid reactions, oral lichenoid lesions, drugs, medicines, drug-induced oral lesions.Serrano-Sánchez P, Bagán JV, Jiménez-Soriano, Sarrión G. Druginduced oral lichenoid reactions. A literature review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2010;2(2):e71-5.
Introduction: Liver diseases are very common, and the main underlying causes are viral infections, alcohol abuse and lipid and carbohydrate metabolic disorders. The liver has a broad range of functions in maintaining homeostasis and health, and moreover metabolizes many drug substances. Objective: An update is provided on the oral manifestations seen in patients with viral hepatitis, alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and on the dental management of such patients. Material and methods: A Medline-PubMed search was conducted of the literature over the last 15 years using the keywords: "hepatitis", "alcoholic hepatitis", "fatty liver", "cirrhosis" and "hepatocellular carcinoma". A total of 28 articles were reviewed, comprising 20 literature reviews, a clinical guide, three clinical trials and four case series. Results: Oral clinical manifestations can be observed reflecting liver dysfunction, such as bleeding disorders, jaundice, foetor hepaticus, cheilitis, smooth tongue, xerostomia, bruxism and crusted perioral rash. In the case of infection caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV), the most frequent extrahepatic manifestations mostly affect the oral region in the form of lichen planus, xerostomia, Sjögren's syndrome and sialadenitis. The main complications of the patient with liver disease are risk of contagion (for healthcare personnel and other patients), the risk of bleeding and the risk of toxicity due to alteration of the metabolism of certain drugs.
The estimated incidence of complications associated with cocaine abuse is 4.8%. Palatal perforation is a very infrequent condition within the range of complications associated with cocaine abuse. No epidemiological characteristics relating to patient age or gender have been established, and the diagnosis of the disorder requires a detailed clinical history, including antecedents of cocaine abuse. The clinical and radiological studies show palatal bone erosion and perforation of the soft or hard palate. The present study describes five cases of palatal perforation secondary to inhaled cocaine abuse. As a result of the increase in cocaine use in recent years, particularly among young adults, clinicians must be alerted to the need to include this condition when establishing a differential diagnosis.Key words: Cocaine, palatal perforation, inhalation, oronasal communication.
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