Chemical modification has been performed on an orally bioavailable and potent CCR5 antagonist, sulfoxide compound 4, mainly focusing on replacement of the [6,7]-fused 1-benzazepine nucleus. We designed, synthesized, and evaluated the biological activities of ring-expanded [6,8]-, [6,9]-, and [6,10]-fused compounds containing S-sulfoxide moieties, which led to the discovery of 1-benzazocine and 1-benzazonine compounds that exhibited potent inhibitory activities (equivalent to compound 4) in a binding assay. In addition, 1-benzazocine compounds possessing the S-sulfoxide moiety ((S)-(-)-5a,b,d,e) showed greater potency than compound 4 in a fusion assay. From further investigation in a multi-round infection assay, it was found that 1-isobutyl-1-benzazocine compound (S)-(-)-5b, containing the S-{[(1-propyl-1H-imidazol)-5-yl]methyl}sulfinyl group, showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity (IC90=0.81 nM, in MOLT4/CCR5 cells). Compound (S)-(-)-5b (TAK-652) also inhibited the replication of six macrophage-tropic (CCR5-using or R5) HIV-1 clinical isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (mean IC90=0.25 nM). It was also absorbed after oral administration in rats, dogs, and monkeys and was thus selected as a clinical candidate. The synthesis and biological activity of the 1-benzazocine compound (S)-(-)-5b and its related derivatives are described.

This paper is available online at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org ABSTRACT:To evaluate effects of multiple dosing of ketoconazole (KTZ) on hepatic CYP3A, the pharmacokinetics of intravenous midazolam (MDZ, 0.5 mg/kg) before and during multiple dosing of KTZ were investigated in beagle dogs. KTZ tablets were given orally to dogs

In dogs, KTZ at a therapeutic dose may change the pharmacokinetics of CYP3A12 substrates as a result of inhibition of their biotransformation. Furthermore, no influence of KTZ on the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A1/2, CYP2C21, and CYP2D15 substrates are likely. In clinical practice, adverse drug effects may develop when KTZ is administered concomitantly with a drug that is primarily metabolized by CYP3A12.

Background:This phase I first-in-human study was conducted in Japanese patients to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of oral TAK-285, a novel dual erbB protein kinase inhibitor that specifically targets human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2.Methods:The TAK-285 dose was escalated until MTD was determined. A second patient cohort received TAK-285 at the MTD for at least 4 weeks.Results:In all, 26 patients received TAK-285 at doses ranging from 50 to 400 mg once daily (q.d.) or twice daily (b.i.d.); 20 patients made up the dose escalation cohort and the remaining 6 patients were the repeated administration cohort. TAK-285 was well tolerated. Dose-limiting toxicities noted in two patients who received 400 mg b.i.d. were grade 3 increases in aminotransferases and grade 3 decreased appetite. Consequently, the MTD was determined to be 300 mg b.i.d. Absorption of TAK-285 was rapid after oral dosing, and plasma exposure at steady-state increased in a dose-proportional fashion for doses ranging from 50 to 300 mg b.i.d. A partial response was observed for one patient with parotid cancer who received 300 mg b.i.d.Conclusion:The toxicity profile and PK properties of oral TAK-285 warrant further evaluation.

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TAK-448 is a nonapeptide analogue and a novel metastin receptor agonist. The aim of this study was to develop a bioanalytical method for TAK-448F (the free base of TAK-448) in human plasma with LC/MS/MS that is sensitive and applicable for the clinical PK studies, and to evaluate the reliability and robustness of the developed method through a validation study in accordance with the regulatory guidance/guideline. The bioanalytical method developed in this study can be outlined as follows. The structural analogue, TAK-683, was used as the internal standard (IS). TAK-448F and the IS were extracted from human plasma using solid phase extraction (SPE) with a polymer-based weak cationic exchanger. After evaporating, the residue was reconstituted and injected into a LC-MS/MS system with ESI probe and analyzed by the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in the positive ion mode. Separation was performed through an UPLC BEH Phenyl column with the mobile phase of water/methanol/formic acid mixture at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The total run time was 10 minutes. The LLOQ was achieved to be 5 pg/mL with 0.5 mL of human plasma sample. All the validation results met the acceptance criteria in accordance with the regulatory guidance/guideline proving its reliability and robustness. As a result of the clinical study, the human PK profiles of TAK-448F were successfully obtained with this method.

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