This study showed that retreatment with nivolumab is an option for select metastatic melanoma patients after previous nivolumab treatment.

There is scarcity of information on primary cutaneous low-grade neoplasms commonly known as carcinoid tumors, owing to their rarity. The authors present 3 cases that were named "low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin" (LGNECS). These occurred in the dermis and subcutis of the anterior chest or the inguinal region in the elderly. Histologically, the tumors showed infiltrating proliferation of nests of various sizes, with low-grade neuroendocrine cytologic features but without mucin production. All cases exhibited varying degrees of intraductal tumor components. On immunohistochemical examination, these tumors expressed estrogen receptor alpha, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor, gross cystic disease fluid protein 15, mammaglobin, and GATA3 as well as neuroendocrine markers. Although a literature review revealed 8 additional possible cases with no evidence of other diseases, it was difficult to determine if these were true cases of LGNECS, because of the limited information available. Based on its characteristic histologic features and immunoprofile, it can be proposed designating LGNECS as a distinct entity among cutaneous neuroendocrine tumors. Otherwise, such tumors could be misdiagnosed as mammary carcinomas (particularly when involving the skin of the breast) or as metastatic visceral neuroendocrine tumors of the skin.

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and an antibody response to L1 HPV proteins. HPV 16 and HPV 18 (high-risk genotype) cause cervical cancer and squamous cell carcinoma (tonsils, larynx, anus, vulva and penis) whereas HPV 6 and HPV 11 (low-risk genotype) cause warts and condylomas. Conventional treatments for HPV infection involve topical drugs (podophyllotoxin, imiquimod, retinoid acid derivatives) and, in case of failure, CO2 laser ablation. The two HPV vaccines, the bivalent vaccine (Cervarix, Glaxo Smith Kline) and the quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil, Sanofi Aventis MerckSharp&Dome) remain the only preventive measure against most HPV-related diseases. Several immunodeficiencies (epidermodysplasia verruciformis, WHIM syndrome, SCID, CVID, HIV, etc.) result in severe HPV. 1,2 In the immunocompromised, treatment and cure of HPV may represent a complex and challenging task.The identification of a high-risk HPV genotype in our patient prompted us to investigate the potential effect of the quadrivalent vaccine (HPV 6/11/16/18 subtypes). Our observation of a complete remission of plantar warts after the second dose with absence of genital response is intriguing.To our knowledge, the treatment with HPV vaccine of a few anecdotal cases with recalcitrant warts and condylomas has produced ambiguous results. 3-6 Although spontaneous regression of warts may occur, a role for HPV vaccination in the immunocompromised is undefined. A thorough analysis of HPV innate and adaptive immune response will help guide a prudent answer to this unexpected dual response. Yet, prospective randomized multicentre clinical trials are warranted to investigate whether HPV vaccines can treat common warts and/or prolong their progression time with significant advances on the immune mechanisms that control HPV infection and potential impact on the quality of life of our patients.

In EMPD, at least two patterns of subclinical extension exist: continuous and satellite lesions. Subclinical extension might exist preferentially outside hypopigmented patches with erythema.

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