The application of mechanical force to induce the formation and cleavage of covalent bonds is a rapidly developing field within organic chemistry which has particular value in reducing or eliminating solvent usage, enhancing reaction rates and also in enabling the preparation of products which are otherwise inaccessible under solution-phase conditions. Mechanochemistry has also found recent attention in materials chemistry and API formulation during which rearrangement of non-covalent interactions give rise to functional products. However, this has been known to nucleic acids science almost since its inception in the late nineteenth century when Miescher exploited grinding to facilitate disaggregation of DNA from tightly bound proteins through selective denaturation of the latter. Despite the wide application of ball milling to amino acid chemistry, there have been limited reports of mechanochemical transformations involving nucleoside or nucleotide substrates on preparative scales. A survey of these reactions is provided, the majority of which have used a mixer ball mill and display an almost universal requirement for liquid to be present within the grinding vessel. Mechanochemistry of charged nucleotide substrates, in particular, provides considerable benefits both in terms of efficiency (reducing total processing times from weeks to hours) and by minimising exposure to aqueous conditions, access to previously elusive materials. In the absence of large quantities of solvent and heating, side-reactions can be reduced or eliminated. The central contribution of mechanochemistry (and specifically, ball milling) to the isolation of biologically active materials derived from nuclei by grinding will also be outlined. Finally non-covalent associative processes involving nucleic acids and related materials using mechanochemistry will be described: specifically, solid solutions, cocrystals, polymorph transitions, carbon nanotube dissolution and inclusion complex formation.

Background Mobile phone addiction has become a social problem that affects the healthy growth of adolescents, and it may be correlated with coping style. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mobile phone addiction and coping style and the influencing factors for adolescents. Methods A meta-analysis was conducted by searching China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG DATA and Chongqing VIP Information Co., Ltd. (VIP), PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO. Stata 16.0 was used to analyse the overall effect and test the moderating effect. Results Thirty-three studies were included, involving a total of 20,349 subjects. There was no significant correlation between adolescents’ mobile phone addiction and positive coping style (r =  − 0.02, 95% CI =  − 0.06 to 0.02, P > 0.05), but there was a moderate positive correlation between adolescents’ mobile phone addiction and negative coping style (r = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.26 to 0.36, P < 0.001). The moderating effect analysis showed that the effect of dissertations on mobile phone addiction and positive coping style among adolescents was significantly larger than that of journal articles. The Smartphone Addiction Scale for College Students (SAS-C) showed the largest effect on mobile phone addiction and positive coping style among adolescents. The time of publication significantly positively moderated the relationship between mobile phone addiction and negative coping style among adolescents. The Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) showed the largest effect on adolescents’ mobile phone addiction and negative coping style. However, the correlation between adolescents’ mobile phone addiction and coping style was not affected by age or gender. Conclusions There was a close relationship between mobile phone addiction and coping style among adolescents. In the future, longitudinal research should be carried out to better investigate the dynamic changes in the relationship between mobile phone addiction and coping style.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has attracted increasing attention due to its high detection rate, high risk and high repeatability. There is a need for the early identification of preventable occurrence factors, which is necessary to facilitate screening and intervention, especially to facilitate the early detection of high-risk individuals. This research aims to investigate the relationship between bullying behaviour and non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents by means of meta-analysis. The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, CKNI and WAN FANG databases were searched from inception to 14 December 2021 for studies that explored the relationship between bullying behaviour and NSSI among children and adolescents. A total of 29 articles met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis, and 54 independent effect sizes were obtained, including 53,501 subjects. Victims [OR 2.46 (95% CI 2.14–2.83); p < 0.001], bullies [OR 2.12 (95% CI 1.37–3.27); p < 0.001], and bully-victims [OR: 2.98 (95% CI 1.85–4.82); p < 0.001] were more likely to have NSSI than uninvolved children or adolescents. In addition, analyses showed the absence of publication bias. In the victim group, the older the age was, the lower the risk of NSSI (z = − 3.74, p = 0.00). Gender does not play a moderating effect on the association between bullying behaviour and non-suicidal self-injury. The relationship between involvement in bullying and NSSI was demonstrated. By taking measures to prevent bullying, the incidence of NSSI in children and adolescents can be potentially reduced.

BackgroundSmartphone addiction has become a social problem that affects the healthy growth of adolescents, and it is frequently reported to be correlated with self-esteem, self-control, and social support among adolescents.MethodsA meta-analysis was conducted by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG DATA, and Chongqing VIP Information Co., Ltd. (VIP) databases. Stata 16.0 was used to analyse the overall effect and test the moderating effect.ResultsFifty-six studies were included, involving a total of 42,300 participants. Adolescents' smartphone addiction had a moderately negative correlation with self-esteem (r = −0.25, 95% CI = −0.29 to −0.22, p &lt; 0.001), a strong negative correlation with self-control (r = −0.48, 95% CI = −0.53 to −0.42, p &lt; 0.001), and a weak negative correlation with social support (r = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.23 to −0.09, p &lt; 0.001). Moderation analysis revealed that the correlation between adolescents' smartphone addiction and self-esteem was strongest when smartphone addiction was measured with the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale for College Students (MPATS; r = −0.38). The correlation between adolescents' smartphone addiction and self-control was strongest when self-control was measured with the Middle school students' Self-control Ability Questionnaire (MSAQ; r = −0.62). The effect of dissertations on smartphone addiction, self-control, and social support among adolescents was significantly larger than that of journal articles. The correlation between adolescents' smartphone addiction and social support was strongest when smartphone addiction was measured with the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI; r = −0.24). However, the correlations between adolescents' smartphone addiction and self-esteem, self-control, and social support were not affected by age or gender.ConclusionThere was a strong relationship between smartphone addiction and self-esteem, self-control, and social support among adolescents. In the future, longitudinal research should be carried out to better investigate the dynamic changes in therelationship between smartphone addiction and self-esteem, self-control, and social support.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022300061.

Background How to kindle the learning enthusiasm of nursing students and reduce the incidence of academic procrastination is an important factor in reducing student attrition and improving the quality of nursing education. Objectives To investigate the mediating role of coping style and resilience on the association between parenting styles and academic procrastination among nursing undergraduates. Methods A cross-sectional study of 683 nursing undergraduates was conducted in China from March to May 2022. Parenting styles, coping style, resilience, and academic procrastination were measured using questionnaires. Descriptive analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis and Hayes' PROCESS Macro in SPSS 25.0 were used to test the model. Results Positive parenting style had a significantly direct effect on academic procrastination and through three significantly indirect pathways: (1) through positive coping style (B =  − 0.048, 95% CI: − 0.074 to − 0.025), accounting for 14.71% of the total effect; (2) through negative coping style (B =  − 0.044, 95% CI: − 0.071 to − 0.021), accounting for 13.64% of the total effect; and (3) through resilience (B =  − 0.074, 95% CI: − 0.107 to − 0.044), accounting for 22.82% of the total effect. Moreover, negative parenting style had a significantly direct effect on academic procrastination and through two significantly indirect pathways: (1) through negative coping style (B = 0.056, 95% CI: 0.032 to 0.086), accounting for 21.73% of the total effect, and (2) through resilience (B = 0.028, 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.055), accounting for 10.93% of the total effect. Conclusions Intervention measures to reduce the academic procrastination of nursing undergraduates should include the evaluations of coping styles and resilience of nursing students and cultivation strategies to promote their positive coping styles and resilience.