The propose of this review was to summarize the advances in multi-scale surface technology of titanium implants to accelerate the osseointegration process. The several multi-scaled methods used for improving wettability, roughness, and bioactivity of implant surfaces are reviewed. In addition, macro-scale methods (e.g., 3D printing (3DP) and laser surface texturing (LST)), micro-scale (e.g., grit-blasting, acid-etching, and Sand-blasted, Large-grit, and Acid-etching (SLA)) and nano-scale methods (e.g., plasma-spraying and anodization) are also discussed, and these surfaces are known to have favorable properties in clinical applications. Functionalized coatings with organic and non-organic loadings suggest good prospects for the future of modern biotechnology. Nevertheless, because of high cost and low clinical validation, these partial coatings have not been commercially available so far. A large number of in vitro and in vivo investigations are necessary in order to obtain in-depth exploration about the efficiency of functional implant surfaces. The prospective titanium implants should possess the optimum chemistry, bionic characteristics, and standardized modern topographies to achieve rapid osseointegration.
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) provides a low cost process for nano-pattern mass production. Polymer filling and de-molding processes determine the quality of the imprinted pattern in NIL. In UV-nanoimprint lithography, low viscous polymer reduces the requirement of imprint pressure in polymer filling. The interaction between prepatterned mold and UV-curable polymer during demolding greatly affect the patterning result. Due to the length scale issues, molecular simulation or traditional finite element method cannot individually simulate the de-molding process. Therefore, a multi-scale approach combining both MD simulation and finite element analysis is proposed to predict the adhesion force between the mold and polymer layer in UV-nanoimprint lithography.The present study is focused on incorporating material behavior at the de-molding interface of nano-patterns. Simulation of molecular dynamics is used to calculate the interfacial energy between the polyvinyl alcohol mold and a methacrylate-based resist layer. A stress-displacement curve can be achieved from the slope of the energydisplacement relation. The result is then utilized to characterize the material properties of cohesive zone elements at the finite element model. A contact debonding model is built to simulate the de-molding process. And the model is verified by the results from peel-off experiment.
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