Our data confirm the aberrant activation of type I IFN system in anti-MDA5 DM. Overproduction of IFN-α linked with BAFF may be implicated in the development of ILD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

There are a wide variety of microbiomes in the human body, most of which exist in the gastrointestinal tract. Microbiomes and metabolites interact with the host to influence health. Rapid progress has been made in the study of its relationship with abenteric organs, especially lung diseases, and the concept the of “gut–lung axis” has emerged. In recent years, with the in-depth study of the “gut–lung axis,” it has been found that changes of the gut microbiome and metabolites are related to fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Understanding their effects on pulmonary fibrosis is expected to provide new possibilities for the prevention, diagnosis and even treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we focused on fibrotic interstitial lung disease, summarized the changes the gut microbiome and several metabolites of the gut microbiome in different types of pulmonary fibrosis, and discussed their contributions to the occurrence and development of pulmonary fibrosis.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common and highly fatal manifestation of idiopathic in ammatory myopathies (IIMs). T helper (Th) cells play important roles in the initiation of ILD. Here, we investigated the clinical signi cance of peripheral blood Th cells in IIMs-ILD patients. Methods.11 healthy controls (HC) and 57 patients diagnosed with IIMs were included, including 30 with ILD (IIMs-ILD) and 23 without ILD (IIMs-non-ILD). Circulating Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells were examined by ow cytometry, and their correlation with clinical and laboratory ndings was analyzed by Spearman's correlation and logistic regression. Results.The proportion of Th1 cells decreased and Th2 cells increased in IIMs-ILD compared with IIMs-non-ILD patients (median (quartile): 2.

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Objective. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common and highly fatal manifestation of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). T helper (Th) cells play important roles in the initiation of ILD. Here, we investigated the clinical significance of peripheral blood Th cells in IIMs-ILD patients. Methods. 11 healthy controls (HC) and 57 patients diagnosed with IIMs were included, including 30 with ILD (IIMs-ILD) and 23 without ILD (IIMs-non-ILD). Circulating Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells were examined by flow cytometry, and their correlation with clinical and laboratory findings was analyzed by Spearman’s correlation and logistic regression. Results. The proportion of Th1 cells decreased and Th2 cells increased in IIMs-ILD compared with IIMs-non-ILD patients (median (quartile): 2.99 (1.59–5.39) vs. 6.91 (3.48–10.04), p < 0.001; 2.67 (1.79–4.67) vs. 1.62 (0.85–2.66), p = 0.006), and correlated with disease activity. Th1 cells proportion decreased in anti-MDA5 antibodies positive patients, while the Th2 cells proportion increased in patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, compared with IIMs-non-ILD patients(2.66(1.06–4.35) vs. 6.91 (3.48–10.04), p = 0.002; 3.09(2.03–5.72) vs. 1.62 (0.85–2.66), p = 0.016). Th1 proportion decreased, Th2 proportion increased, positivity for ARS or anti-Ro52 antibodies (OR = 0.7122; OR = 1.679; OR = 9.188 and OR = 6.161, respectively) were associated with the occurrence of ILD in IIMs patients. Conclusion. A decreased Th1 cell percentage and an elevated Th2 cells percentage in peripheral blood may be the pathogenesis of ILD in IIMs patients and have different effects on different serological and imaging subtypes.