High-fat diet (HFD) has been recognized as a primary factor in the risk of chronic disease. Obesity, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases have long been known as chronic diseases with high worldwide incidence. In this review, the influences of gut Highlights • Gut microbiota dysbiosis increases the host's susceptibility to diseases.• Identified characteristic microbes in high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular diseases.

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