Continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite 3D printing has drawn more attention due to its ability to manufacture composite structures with complex shapes. The surface treatment of CF is necessary to improve the combination between carbon fiber (CF) and matrix. In this work, polyurethane with nano‐SiO2 (PU/SiO2) was used to size CF to enhance the compatibility of CF and nylon 6 (PA6). The chemistry and morphology of the CF were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The interface strength between CF and PA6 was tested by the fiber pull‐out test, and eventually obtained optimized concertation of PU/SiO2 sizing agents (with 25 wt% PU and 0.4 wt% nano‐SiO2). The results show that compared with untreated CF, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of CF and PA6 after sizing increased by 316.93%. In addition, several CF/PA6 composite specimens printed by a homemade composite 3D printer were used to do mechanical tests. The results show that the flexural strength increased by 33.87%, the tensile strength increased by 20.75%, and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) increased by 66.54%.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is the highest plateau in the world, and its ultraviolet (UV) radiation is much greater than that of other regions in the world. Yellow mushroom (Floccularia luteovirens) is a unique and widely distributed edible fungus on the QTP. However, the molecular mechanism of F. luteovirens’s response to strong UV radiation remains unclear. Herein, we reported the 205 environmental adaptation and information processing genes from genome of F. luteovirens. In addition, we assembled the RNA sequence of UV-affected F. luteovirens at different growth stages. The results showed that in response to strong UV radiation, a total of 11,871 significantly different genes were identified, of which 4,444 genes in the vegetative mycelium (VM) stage were significantly different from the young fruiting bodies (YFB) stage, and only 2,431 genes in the YFB stage were significantly different from fruiting bodies (FB) stage. A total of 225 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved in environmental signal transduction, biochemical reaction preparation and stress response pathway, pigment metabolism pathway, and growth cycle regulation, so as to sense UV radiation, promote repair damage, regulate intracellular homeostasis, and reduce oxidative damage of UV radiation. On the basis of these results, a molecular regulation model was proposed for the response of F. luteovirens to strong UV radiation. These results revealed the molecular mechanism of adaptation of F. luteovirens adapting to strong UV radiation, and provided novel insights into mechanisms of fungi adapting to extreme environmental conditions on the QTP; the production the riboflavin pigment of the endemic fungi (Yellow mushroom) in the QTP was one of the response to extreme environment of the strong UV radiation.

IntroductionMorchella has become a research hotspot because of its wide distribution, delicious taste, and phenotypic plasticity. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau subkingdoms (QTPs) are known as the cradle of Ice age biodiversity. However, the diversity of Morchella in the QTPs has been poorly investigated, especially in phylogenetic diversity, origin, and biogeography.MethodsThe genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR, based on Bayesian evolutionary analysis using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit rDNA (nrLSU), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), and the largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2)), differentiation time estimation, and ancestral region reconstruction were used to infer Morchella’s phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography in the QTPs.ResultsFirstly, a total of 18 Morchella phylogenetic species are recognized in the QTPs, including 10 Elata clades and 8 Esculenta clades of 216 individuals Secondly, the divergences of the 18 phylogenetic species were 50.24–4.20 Mya (Eocene-Pliocene), which was closely related to the geological activities in the QTPs. Furthermore, the ancestor of Morchella probably originated in the Northern regions (Qilian Shan, Elata cade) and southwestern regions (Shangri-La, Esculenta clade) of QTPs and might have migrated from North America (Rufobrunnea clade) via Beringian Land Bridge (BLB) and Long-Distance Dispersal (LDD) expansions during the Late Cretaceous. Moreover, as the cradle of species origin and diversity, the fungi species in the QTPs have spread out and diffused to Eurasia and South Africa starting in the Paleogene Period.ConclusionThis is the first report that Esculenta and Elata clade of Morchella originated from the QTPs because of orogenic, and rapid differentiation of fungi is strongly linked to geological uplift movement and refuge in marginal areas of the QTPs. Our findings contribute to increasing the diversity of Morchella and offer more evidence for the origin theory of the QTPs.

Thermosetting composites will produce spring-back deformation after curing, and the mold is the key factor affecting the curing of components. In this paper, the solidification and spring-back deformation process of free-form surface composite parts are simulated by finite element simulation. By comparing the deformation of components under invar steel mold, 304 stainless steel mold and composite mold, the influence of thermal expansion coefficient, mold structure and molding process on the curing deformation of composite materials was analyzed, and the optimal molding scheme of free-form surface composite parts was obtained.

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