In
this work, an unprecedented route is described for the synthesis
of 2-amino-4-cyanopyrrole derivatives via palladium-catalyzed reductive
isocyanide insertion of alkynyl imines. In the reactions, no external
reductant is added and isocyanide plays a dual role as both a C1 synthon
for imidoylation and a cyano source for cyanation. Mechanism studies
suggest a [4 + 1] cycloaddition, an isocyanide insertion, β-carbon
elimination, and palladium hydride-based reduction are involved. Moreover,
the application of 2-amine-4-cyanopyrroles as a cysteine probe is
realized to detect cysteine.
Nitrogen‐containing heterocycles have attracted considerable attention due to their extensive applications in the fields of organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. This review focuses on the recent advances in the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles via the cyclization of alkynyl imines. By using this protocol, a variety of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, mainly including four‐, five‐, six‐, and seven‐membered nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, aza‐spirocycles, and fused aza‐heterocycles, could be obtained efficiently under mild conditions. Additionally, mechanistic features of these transformations are also discussed.
Thermophysical properties including densities and viscosities of naringenin in aqueous solutions of ethanol/1-propanol with alcohol concentrations of (24.00 to 40.00) mol•kg −1 have been measured as a function of concentration of naringenin at temperatures from (293.15 to 323.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Also, refractive indices for studied systems have been determined at 298.15 K. The measured data were used to calculate the apparent molar volume (V ϕ ), standard partial molar volume (V ϕ 0 ), partial molar volume (V̅ ), viscosity B-coefficients, and molar refractions (R m ). The viscosity and refractive index data have been analyzed by Jones−Dole and Lorentz−Lorenz equations, respectively. The trends of variation of experimental and calculated parameters have been discussed according to the interactions between solvents and solute. The obtained results imply that naringenin acts as a structure maker in the studied system.
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