Visual question answering (VQA) is regarded as a multi-modal fine-grained feature fusion task, which requires the construction of multi-level and omnidirectional relations between nodes. One main solution is the composite attention model which is composed of co-attention (CA) and self-attention(SA). However, the existing composite models only consider the stack of single attention blocks, lack of path-wise historical memory, and overall adjustments. We propose a path attention memory network (PAM) to construct a more robust composite attention model. After each single-hop attention block (SA or CA), the importance of the cumulative nodes is used to calibrate the signal strength of nodes’ features. Four memoried single-hop attention matrices are used to obtain the path-wise co-attention matrix of path-wise attention (PA); therefore, the PA block is capable of synthesizing and strengthening the learning effect on the whole path. Moreover, we use guard gates of the target modal to check the source modal values in CA and conditioning gates of another modal to guide the query and key of the current modal in SA. The proposed PAM is beneficial to construct a robust multi-hop neighborhood relationship between visual and language and achieves excellent performance on both VQA2.0 and VQA-CP V2 datasets.
The present study investigated the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Aristolochia fordiana Hemsl (AF-EO) using GC-FID and GC-MS, and evaluated the in vitro biological activities of the essential oil. Forty-nine compounds representing 99.6% of the total oil were characterized. The main constituents were identified as β-chamigrene (17.0%), β-caryophyllene (11.1%), α-bulnesene (11.0%) and β-pinene (10.2%). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of A. fordiana was studied using disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays. AF-EO exhibited a significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC values below 100 μg/mL. Besides, the results of MTT assays indicated that the essential oil exhibited a moderate cytotoxic activity on HepG2 (liver hepatocellular cells) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma cells) cell lines. However, the AF-EO showed a weak antioxidant activity in DPPH • , ABTS •+ and FRAP assays.
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