In recent years, the rapid development of 3D printing technologies lead to its new applications in the area of healthcare and medicine, including dentistry, orthopedics, cardiovascular, pharmaceutics, neurosurgery, engineered tissue models, medical devices, and anatomical models. Dentistry is widely acknowledged to benefit from 3D printing technologies due to its needs for the customization and personalization of dental products. In this review, the authors discuss and summarize various 3D imaging technologies and the recent advances of 3D digital processing techniques in dentistry in an effort to give a new perspective and greater understanding of the current development of 3D printing technologies in dentistry. It is anticipated that this review will explore why 3D printing is important to dentistry, and why dentistry motivates development in 3D printing applications. Further, current challenges and further perspectives are also discussed which helps researchers to optimize the 3D printing technology in dentistry, improve 3D printing strategies, and direct future dental bioprinting and translational applications.

In this paper, we construct an illustrative multidimensional poverty index for China and compare it with income poverty using the panel data from multiple waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We use first order stochastic dominance method and regression analysis to test the stability of multidimensional poverty measures and probe the often-observed mis-match between multidimensional measures and income measures. We find as expected that China's multidimensional poverty is significantly higher in rural areas and in the less developed western provinces. But relative to the income poverty, the multidimensional poverty is less volatile. Also, the ranking of provinces by income and multidimensional poverty varies. The multidimensional poverty measures are somewhat sensitive to the large change of weight, but if we control the indicators' weight, then the multidimensional poverty measures are stable to a change of indicators.

This paper uses the Rural E-Commerce Demonstration County (REDC) policy to estimate the effect of e-commerce on poverty reduction. We discover that the REDC policy enhanced the gross regional product per capita by 8.4 percent for the total sample of counties and 10.5 percent for a subsample of poor counties. Specifi cally, the REDC policy increased the aggregate fi nal product in primary industry by 10.6 percent.The fi nal product per capita in the secondary and service sectors was 13.1 percent and 3.3 percent higher in the REDCs than in other counties, respectively. The effects were even greater for the subsample of poor counties. The estimates demonstrate that e-commerce developed quickly in the REDCs since the implementation of the REDC policy. The income of those involved in e-commerce increased, yielding more aggregate savings deposits. The expansion of e-commerce induced more investment, suggesting that more aggregate loans are being made in REDCs. This evidence suggests new opportunities for poor people in the new digital economy.

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The present paper investigates how neighborhood effects are connected to chronic poverty. We examine a large sample of groups of households and find that neighborhood effects are significant in a majority of groups, especially in the poorest groups. People living in poor communities tend to suffer from poverty over time. It is of theoretical and empirical importance to explore how neighborhood effects are interrelated with chronic poverty and the channels through which this occurs. Unlike other econometric analyses, we establish a multilevel econometric model to show that: (i) it is difficult for an individual living in a neighborhood with a high proportion of agricultural labor, low education levels, and poor transport and telecommunication infrastructure to escape from poverty traps; (ii) neighborhood effects dominate in poor communities; and (iii) although poverty is affected by group‐level factors, individual factors still play a dominant role in regards to escaping poverty when income surpasses a threshold level. Therefore, policy priority should be given to providing social protection and public services, especially in poor rural areas.

The paper uses the Shapley method to decompose poverty changes by income source and growth-distribution-cost according to the history of China's poverty elimination policies in the last forty years. The analysis shows that economic growth contributed to most of the reduction in all periods. Increasing inequality has adverse effects on poverty elimination in that it makes people vulnerable to poverty, which bodes ill for future poverty alleviation. Wages explain most of poverty change for both the urban and rural areas in recent years and are the main reason for increasing inequality in rural areas. Agricultural income played a significant role in reducing rural poverty and inequality in early periods when China experienced many agricultural reforms. In the future, pro-poor growth, reducing inequality and building a relatively integrated urban-rural poverty alleviation system will be most important jobs for China's poverty reduction.

At the beginning of 2020, the global outbreak of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 posed a huge challenge to the governance capabilities of public health in various countries. In this paper, the SEIR model is used to fit the number of confirmed cases in each province in China, and the reduction rate of the basic reproduction number is used to measure the actual score of the control effect of COVID-19. The potential capacity of prevention and control of epidemics, in theory, is constructed, and we use the difference between theoretical ability and actual score to measure the ability of governance of public health. We found that there were significant differences between actual effect and theoretical ability in various regions, and governance capabilities were an important reason leading to this difference, which was not consistent with the level of economic development. The balance of multiple objectives, the guiding ideology of emphasizing medical treatment over prevention, the fragmentation of the public health system, and the insufficiency of prevention and control ability in primary public health systems seriously affected the government’s ability to respond to public health emergencies.