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Substantial evidence has shown that the anaesthetics and adjuvants given in the preoperative, intraoperative or postoperative period can affect cancer recurrence and overall survival in cancer patients. 1 A number of retrospective studies and clinical trials suggest that local anaesthesia alone or its addition to the general anaesthesia reduces cancer metastasis and recurrence, and improves overall survival. 2-4 In contrast, other anaesthetics, such as opioids, are immunosuppressive and decrease the patient's defenses against tumour progression. 5 The roles of anaesthetics have gained increased attention due to their potential long-term effects on cancer patients. Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic reagent that is widely used for sedation and hypnosis during and after operation. 6 It has advantages over other anaesthetic drugs by protecting the immune system from being inhibited, and neuron cells from oxidative stress and hypoxia injury. 7,8 Compared to volatile agents, propofol has a lower inflammatory response. 9 A retrospective analysis compared propofol

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