Key phrases are usually among the most information-bearing linguistic structures.Translating them correctly will improve many natural language processing applications. We propose a new framework to mine key phrase translations from web corpora. We submit a source phrase to a search engine as a query, then expand queries by adding the translations of topic-relevant hint words from the returned snippets. We retrieve mixedlanguage web pages based on the expanded queries. Finally, we extract the key phrase translation from the secondround returned web page snippets with phonetic, semantic and frequencydistance features. We achieve 46% phrase translation accuracy when using top 10 returned snippets, and 80% accuracy with 165 snippets. Both results are significantly better than several existing methods.
A B S T R A C TFeline calicivirus (FCV) causes upper respiratory tract infections in felines and threatens the health of wild and domestic felines. Clinically, specific drugs to treat FCV have not yet been developed. Here, IgG was extracted from inactivated FCV-immunized horse sera. Equine F(ab') 2 fragments were obtained from pepsin-digested IgG and then purified by protein-G column chromatography. In our study, equine immunoglobulin F(ab') 2 fragments showed efficient neutralizing activity in vitro against FCV and had therapeutic and prophylactic effects in FCVinfected cats. The anti-FCV-specific F(ab') 2 fragment can significantly alleviate the clinical symptoms of FCVinfected cats and reduce the viral loads of the trachea, lung and spleen. These results indicate that the F(ab') 2 fragment prepared from inactivated FCV-immunized horses may be used as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for diseases caused by FCV.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a unique action mechanism that can help to solve global problems in antibiotic resistance. However, their low therapeutic index and poor stability seriously hamper their development as therapeutic agents. In order to overcome these problems, we designed peptides based on the sequence template XXRXXRRzzRRXXRXX-NH 2 , where X represents a hydrophobic amino acid like Phe (F), Ile (I), and Leu (L), while zz represents Gly-Gly (GG) or d-Pro-Gly (pG). Showing effective antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and low toxicity, designed peptides had a tendency to form an α-helical structure in membrane-mimetic environments. Among them, peptide LR pG (X: L, zz: pG) showed the highest geometric mean average treatment index (GM TI = 73.1), better salt, temperature and pH stability, and an additive effect with conventional antibiotics. Peptide LR pG played the role of anti-Gram-negative bacteria through destroying the cell membrane. In addition, peptide LR pG also exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity by effectively neutralizing endotoxin. Briefly, peptide LR pG has the potential to serve as a therapeutic agent to reduce antibiotic resistance owing to its high therapeutic index and great stability.
It is a tough challenge for many decades to decipher the complex relationships between cell behaviors and cellular physical properties. Single particle tracking (SPT) with high spatial and temporal resolution has been applied extensively in cell research to understand physicochemical properties of cells and their bio‐functions by tracking endogenous or exogenous probes. This review describes the fundamental principles of SPT as well as its applications in intracellular mechanics, membrane dynamics, organelles distribution, and processes of internalization and transport. Finally, challenges and future directions of SPT are also discussed.
Highlights Okara peptides were prepared by high-pressure homogenization-assisted double enzymes. The method can improve the extraction rate of okara proteins by 69% and 51%. Antioxidant and immune activity were compared, and HPH-VAP was screened out. 116 okara peptides were identified from HPH-VAP by HPLC-MS/MS. The release of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ was elevated.
Maize, Zea mays L., is the most abundant field crop in China. Aphids are the most economically damaging pest on maize, particularly in the maize agri-ecosystems of Jilin Province, northeastern China. Parasitic wasps are important natural enemies of aphids, but limited information exists about their species composition, richness and seasonal dynamics in northeastern China. In this study, the population dynamics of maize aphids and parasitoid wasps were assessed in relation to each other during the summer seasons of two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019. We selected maize fields in the Changchun, Songyuan, Huinan and Gongzhuling areas of Jilin Province. Four species of aphids were recorded from these maize fields: Rhopalosiphum padi (L), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Aphis gossypii Glover and Macrosiphum miscanthi (Takahashi). The dominant species in each of the four areas were R. maids (Filch) and R. padi in Changchun, R. padi in Songyuan, A. gossypii and R. padi in Huinan, and A.gossypii and R. padi in Gongzhuling. We delineated a species complex made up of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with maize aphids. The primary parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Binodoxys communis and Aphelinus albipodus together formed approximately 85.3% of the parasitoid complex. Pachyneuron aphidis, Phaenoglyphis villosa, Syrphophagus taeniatus and Asaphes suspensus made up the hyperparasitoids. Of the primary parasitoids, L. testaceipes was the dominant species (81.31%). Of the hyperparasitoid group, P. villosa was the dominant species (68.42%). Parasitism rates followed the fluctuation of the aphid population. The highest parasitic rate was observed during the peak period of cotton aphids. In this paper, the occurrence dynamics and dominant species of aphids and the dynamics of parasitic natural enemies of aphids in maize fields in Jilin Province are, for the first time, systematically reported. This study provides important information for the establishment and promotion of aphid biological control in maize fields.
Identification of N 2 origins can help to reduce exploration risks and to improve the understanding of gas generation and accumulation. N 2 from the mantle and organic matter in basins cannot be unraveled by using δ 15 N ratios alone, due to overlapping δ 15 N signatures. In this paper, we comprehensively studied N 2 , Ar,He, δ 13 C and their relationships of natural gases in the Dongtai Depression of the Subei Basin. Nitrogen contents of the gases in this depression range from 0.2 to 85.9%. Some samples have the air N 2 /Ar ratio but others are excess relative to this ratio. δ 15 N data of all the samples except one constitute two populations in the histogram. All these features reflect at least two origins of N 2 . One of these populations has δ 15 N values around 0‰ with N 2 / 3 He ratios of 1.0×10 7 to 9.5×10 9 , whereas the other population has negative δ 15 N values from -7.3 to -2.2 ‰ with N 2 / 3 He of 1.1×10 7 to 9.4×10 9 . It was obtained that the nitrogen of the former population is mainly atmospheric in origin. For the latter population, a considerable amount of nitrogen from organic matter in sedimentary rocks was identified, which coexist with the nitrogen from the air and mantle. In the Dongtai Depression of the Subei Basin, therefore, atmospheric, organic and mantle origins provided remarkable contributions to the natural gases.
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