Recently, five Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) products have been released: leaf area index (LAI), shortwave broadband albedo, longwave broadband emissivity, incident short radiation, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The first three products cover the years 1982Á2012 (LAI) and 1981Á2010 (albedo and emissivity) at 1Á5 km and 8-day resolutions, and the last two radiation products span the period 2008Á2010 at 5 km and 3-h resolutions. These products have been evaluated and validated, and the preliminary results indicate that they are of higher quality and accuracy than the existing products. In particular, the first three products have much longer time series, and are therefore highly suitable for various environmental studies. This paper outlines the algorithms, product characteristics, preliminary validation results, potential applications and some examples of initial analysis of these products.
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) is a microvascular disorder in the central nervous system. Despite tremendous efforts, the causal genetic mutation in some CCM patients has not be identified, raising the possibility of an unknown CCM locus. The CCM2/MGC4607 gene has been identified as one of three known genes causing CCMs. In this report, we defined a total of 29 novel exons and 4 novel promoters in CCM2 genomic structure and subsequently identified a total of 50 new alternative spliced isoforms of CCM2 which eventually generated 22 novel protein isoforms. Genetic analysis of CCM2 isoforms revealed that the CCM2 isoforms can be classified into two groups based on their alternative promoters and alternative start codon exons. Our data demonstrated that CCM2 isoforms not only are specific in their subcellular compartmentation but also have distinct cellular expression patterns among various tissues and cells, indicating the pleiotropic cellular roles of CCM2 through their multiple isoforms. In fact, the complexity of the CCM2 genomic structure was reflected by the multiple layers of regulation of CCM2 expression patterns. At the transcriptional level, it is accomplished by alternative promoters, alternative splicing, and multiple transcriptional start sites and termination sites; while at the translational level, it is carried out with various cellular functions with a distinguishable CCM2 protein group pattern, specified abundance and composition of selective isoforms in a cell and tissue specific fashion. Through experimentation, we discovered a unique phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, namely atypical phosphotyrosine binding (aPTB) domain. Some long CCM2 isoform proteins contain both classes of PTB domains, making them a dual PTB domain-containing protein. Both CCM1 and CCM3 can bind competitively to this aPTB domain, indicating CCM2 as the cornerstone for CCM signaling complex (CSC).
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are microvascular anomalies in the brain that result in increased susceptibility to stroke. Three genes have been identified as causes of CCMs: cerebral cavernous malformations 1 [(CCM1) also termed Krev interaction trapped 1 (KRIT1)], cerebral cavernous malformation 2 [(CCM2) also termed MGC4607] and cerebral cavernous malformation 3 [(CCM3) also termed programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10)]. It has been demonstrated that both CCM1 and CCM3 bind to CCM2 to form a CCM signaling complex (CSC) with which to modulate multiple signaling cascades. CCM proteins have been reported to play major roles in microvascular angiogenesis in human and animal models. However, CCM proteins are ubiquitously expressed in all major tissues, suggesting an unseen broader role of the CSC in biogenesis. Recent evidence suggests the possible involvement of the CSC complex during tumorigenesis; however, studies concerning this aspect are limited. This is the first report to systematically investigate the expression patterns of CCM proteins in major human tumors using real-time quantitative PCR, RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and multicolor immunofluorescence imaging. Our data demonstrated that differential expression patterns of the CSC complex are correlated with certain types and grades of major human cancers, indicating the potential application of CCM genes as molecular biomarkers for clinical oncology. Our data strongly suggest that more efforts are needed to elucidate the role of the CSC complex in tumorigenesis, which may have enormous clinical potential for cancer diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications.
Amine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing poly(p-phenylenevinylene) provide a facile strategy to detect TNT through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The observed linear fluorescence intensity change allows the quantitative detection of TNT with the detection limit of 6 × 10(-7) M.
fered from high levels of anxiety, stress, and depression. The most frequent comorbidities included hypertension, coronary artery diseases, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, depression, other skin diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. Psoriasis may also confer an independent risk of acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Psoriasis was reported to have adverse effects on patients' quality of life including daily activities, social life, and productivity. Clinical burdens associated with psoriasis included a number of serious co-morbidities. The evidence retrieved as part of this systematic literature review well addressed the clinical importance of psoriasis in Asia Pacific countries. OBJECTIVES:This study examined the opioid-sparing effectiveness, analgesic efficacy and tolerability of postoperative administration of parecoxib in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of enrollees received patient-controlled analgesia (PCA, consisted of morphine 1 mg/ml and fentanyl 30 mcg/ml) with or without single-dose of intravenous 40 mg parecoxib following TKA from November 2010 through April 2011. Effect was assessed by the amount of PCA used, pain intensity, length of hospital stay (LOS), satisfaction score and adverse events. RESULTS: Nine patients under PCA with parecoxib as the parecoxib group and 73 patients without parecoxib as the controlled group were evaluated. PCA consumption was observed to be reduced in the parecoxib group by 17.2 %, 25.5 % and 39.8 % less than the controlled group at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after surgery. Pain at movement improved significantly at 48 h and 72 h for the parecoxib group with visual analogue score (VAS). There were no significant differences in pain scores at rest and LOS, however, between those who received parecoxib or not. Satisfaction was described as "good, fair, and poor" by 0 %, 89 %, and 11 % in the parecoxib group, respectively, compared with 4 %, 81 %, and 15 % of the controlled group. The overall incidences of adverse events were reported for 78 % of patients with parecoxib and 71 % of patients without parecoxib. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, postoperative administration of parecoxib demonstrated benefit in terms of PCA consumption and VAS score at movement. Therefore, it seemed that parecoxib provided opioid-sparing and analgesic effect. Also, the parental preparation of parecoxib may be especially useful when patients were unable to take oral medication or were experiencing nausea and vomiting.
We analyze the sea level rise along the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea (the "China Seas") coastline using 25 tide gauge records beginning with Macau in 1925, but with most starting during the 1950s and 60s. The main problem in estimating sea level rise for the period is the lack of vertical land movement (VLM) data for the tide gauge stations. We estimated VLM using satellite altimetry covering the 18 stations with records spanning 1993-2016. The results show that many tide gauge stations, typically in cities, have undergone significant subsidence due to groundwater extraction. After removing the VLM from tide gauge records, the 1993-2016 sea level rise rate is 3.2 ± 1.1 mm/yr, and 2.9 ± 0.8 mm/yr over the longer 1980-2016 period. We estimate the steric sea level contribution to be up to 0.9 ± 0.3 mm/yr, and contributions from ice mass loss from glaciers and ice sheets of up to 1.1 ± 0.1 mm/yr over the last 60 years. Contributions from VLM range between −4.5 ± 1.0 mm/yr and 1.4 ± 1.3 mm/yr across the stations. Projections of coastal sea level probability distributions under future climate scenarios show that the steric factor is the main contributor under both the RCP 4.5 and High-end RCP 8.5 scenarios except in the upper tails under High-end RCP 8.5 when the Antarctic ice sheet makes the greatest contribution. By 2100 we expect median coastal sea level rises at the stations of 48-61 cm under RCP 4.5, and 84-99 cm under High-end RCP 8.5 scenario.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) therapies should be tailored according to the different syndrome types. In order to identify the relationship between the TCM Yin-cold (YC) or Yang-heat (YH) syndrome types and the EGFR gene status, we prospectively studied 310 NSCLC patients. TCM YH or YC was diagnosed by three TCM experts. TCM symptoms and signs were entered into a binary cluster analysis. The relationships between the EGFR gene status, YH or YC syndrome types, and classification by cluster analysis were analyzed using the chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. In the 299 patients who had their EGFR gene tested, 45.24% YC (76/168) and 25.95% YH (34/131) patients had EGFR mutations (p = 0.001). Among the 292 patients entered into the cluster analysis, 132 were classified into group A, with signs and symptoms similar to YC, whereas 160 group B patients were similar to YH. In the 281 patients with EGFR tested, 45.67% group A (58/127) and 28.57% group B patients (44/154) had EGFR mutations (p = 0.003). The EGFR status was independently correlated with TCM syndrome type and classification by cluster analysis on multivariate logistic regression. NSCLC patients with YC were more likely to have EGFR gene mutations.
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