Aim-To investigate if early changes in concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF) from preterm infants could be used to detect infants at risk of chronic lung disease (CLD) and help in the selection of patients for early steroid treatment. Methods-Twenty eight preterm infants less than 34 weeks of gestation (median 26 weeks) were intubated and daily measurements of TAF concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF ) and the interleukins IL-1 , IL-6, and IL-8 were made, using enzyme immunoassay techniques. Results-Seventeen of the infants developed CLD. The infants who developed CLD had significantly increased concentrations of TNF , IL-1ß, IL-6 on days 2 and 3. TNF , IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations were significantly related to gestational age and duration of supplemental oxygen; TNF , IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations also correlated with length of time on the ventilator. Conclusion-These data indicate that tracheobronchial aspirate fluid cytokine concentrations may be used as a predictor of subsequent CLD and may help select a group of preterm infants at high risk of developing CLD for early treatment. (Arch Dis Child 1997;77:F198-F201)
Corneal fibroblasts may play an important role in the defense system of the cornea by recognizing the presence of LPS and subsequently expressing adhesion molecules and chemokines that promote leukocyte infiltration.
We propose a temperature sensor design based on surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) supported by filling the holes of a six-hole photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a silver nanowire. A liquid mixture (ethanol and chloroform) with a large thermo-optic coefficient is filled into the PCF holes as sensing medium. The filled silver nanowires can support resonance peaks and the peak will shift when temperature variations induce changes in the refractive indices of the mixture. By measuring the peak shift, the temperature change can be detected. The resonance peak is extremely sensitive to temperature because the refractive index of the filled mixture is close to that of the PCF material. Our numerical results indicate that a temperature sensitivity as high as 4 nm/K can be achieved and that the most sensitive range of the sensor can be tuned by changing the volume ratios of ethanol and chloroform. Moreover, the maximal sensitivity is relatively stable with random filled nanowires, which will be very convenient for the sensor fabrication.
A temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is proposed in this paper. We use the dual function of the PCF filled with different concentrations of analyte and silver nanowires to realize temperature sensing. The proposed sensor has been analyzed through numerical simulations and demonstrated by experiments. The results of the simulations and experiments show that a blue shift will be obtained with the temperature increase, and different concentrations will change the resonance wavelength and confinement loss. Temperature sensitivity is as high as 2.7 nm= C with the experiment, which can provide a reference for the implementation and application of a PCF-based SPR temperature sensor or other PCF-based SPR sensing.
Dexamethasone exerted multiple effects on the MMP-TIMP system in corneal fibroblasts and thereby inhibited IL-1beta-induced collagen degradation by these cells. Inhibition of the IL-1beta-induced activation of ERK and JNK may contribute to these effects of dexamethasone.
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