Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction share risk factors and may co-occur, but their relationship is not well established. The primary goals of this study were to describe the prevalence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and to investigate its association with in-hospital delirium. The authors hypothesized that delirium would be a significant risk factor for postoperative cognitive dysfunction during follow-up. Methods This study used data from an observational study of cognitive outcomes after major noncardiac surgery, the Successful Aging after Elective Surgery study. Postoperative delirium was evaluated each hospital day with confusion assessment method–based interviews supplemented by chart reviews. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was determined using methods adapted from the International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction. Associations between delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction were examined at 1, 2, and 6 months. Results One hundred thirty-four of 560 participants (24%) developed delirium during hospitalization. Slightly fewer than half (47%, 256 of 548) met the International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction-defined threshold for postoperative cognitive dysfunction at 1 month, but this proportion decreased at 2 months (23%, 123 of 536) and 6 months (16%, 85 of 528). At each follow-up, the level of agreement between delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction was poor (kappa less than .08) and correlations were small (r less than .16). The relative risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was significantly elevated for patients with a history of postoperative delirium at 1 month (relative risk = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07–1.67), but not 2 months (relative risk = 1.08; 95% CI, 0.72–1.64), or 6 months (relative risk = 1.21; 95% CI, 0.71–2.09). Conclusions Delirium significantly increased the risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the first postoperative month; this relationship did not hold in longer-term follow-up. At each evaluation, postoperative cognitive dysfunction was more common among patients without delirium. Postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be distinct manifestations of perioperative neurocognitive deficits.

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Digital coding metasurface, which provides a new approach to link the physical world and information science, has been quickly developed in recent years. However, all previously reported metasurfaces cannot achieve independent controls of different polarizations in both transmission and reflection spaces at the same time. In this work, a reconfigurable anisotropic digital coding metasurface loaded with electronically controlled PIN diodes is proposed that can independently manipulate not only the near/far‐field pattern but also the transmission and reflection modes of the electromagnetic waves under different polarizations. As a validation example, a multifunctional holographic imaging metasurface is designed, fabricated, and measured. Both simulated and measured results show that orthogonally polarized waves (vertical and horizontal polarizations) can be manipulated to achieve different images, and the transmission and reflection modes of the differently‐polarized images can be independently controlled in real time by changing the state of the loaded PIN diodes.

Background: To retrospectively investigate the clinical characteristics, initial treatment, relapse, therapy outcome, and prognosis of Chinese patients with primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) through analysis of the cases of our institute. Methods: From December 2008 to July 2018, all patients with PTL were included in this study. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate PFS and OS. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the survival times for groups of patients differing in terms of clinical and laboratory parameters. Results: All 28 PTL patients (24 DLBCL, three NK/T lymphomas, and one Burkkit's lymphoma) with a median age of 65.5 years were included in this study. Six patients were observed recurrence among all the 22 individuals evaluated. Following orchiectomy and systemic chemotherapy, with or without intrathecal prophylaxis, complete response was achieved in 15 (68%) patients. For DLBCL patients, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 44.63 months (95% CI 17.71-71.56 months), and the median overall survival (OS) was 77.02 months (95% CI, 57.35-96.69 months). For all the DLBCL patients, the 5-year PFS and 5-year OS were 35.4% (95%CI, 14.8-56.0%) and 53.4% (95%CI, 30.1-76.7%). Without further chemotherapy following orchiectomy (HR = 3.4, P = 0.03) were associated with inferior PFS of DLBCL patients. Advanced Ann Arbor stage (HR =5.9, P = 0.009) and high (international prognostic index, IPI) score: 3-5 (HR =3.9, P = 0.04) were correlated with shorter OS of DLBCL patients. Conclusion: This study confirms that PTL is an aggressive malignant with a poor prognosis. Limited Ann Arbor stage, further chemotherapy following orchiectomy, and low IPI score (less than 2) are correlated with superior survival for DLBCL patients.

Information metasurfaces, including digital coding and programmable metasurfaces, have reformed the design theory of metasurfaces from effective medium to coding pattern, and bridged the physical and digital world. Metasurface hologram has shown great potential in imaging and manipulating electromagnetic waves. In this work, bilayer information metasurfaces are proposed to achieve polarization‐encoded holograms in microwave regime. The designed metasurfaces consist of 3‐bit spin‐decoupled meta‐atoms, which possess ultrathin profiles (0.14λ0) and high cross‐polarization transmittance (over 0.8). The incident wave, which is right‐handed circularly polarized or left‐handed circularly polarized, is encoded with code “0” or “1”. The spin‐decoupled design is combined with diffuse scattering and holographic technology. Based on this, a novel algorithm is proposed to generate coding sequences according to the code of incident wave, to achieve different functionalities for corresponding circularly polarized channels. In this way, polarization‐encoded holograms, including diffuse scattering holograms (code “00”), single channel holograms (code “01” or “10”), and spin‐selective holograms (code “11”), are achieved. Simulated and measured results show that the maximum imaging efficiency can reach up to 65.1%, verifying the high efficiency of this holographic technology. This work is expected to open a way of realizing more complicated and higher efficiency information metasurface holography.