Background
Bystander intervention can protect victims from harm in cyberbullying. Previous studies have found that the severity of cyberbullying incidents is one of the important factors affecting decisions to intervene. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this effect.
Purpose
The current study explored the effect of the severity of cyberbullying incidents on bystander intention to intervene on social network sites (SNSs) among college students (Experiment 1), the mediating role of feelings of responsibility (Experiment 2) and the moderating role of empathy (Experiment 3).
Patients and Methods
We presented cyberbullying incidents with different levels of severity through scenarios including fictive Weibo news reports and comments. Participants were exposed to a fictive cyberbullying incident and asked to complete a questionnaire including measures of the variables of interest.
Results
Our results showed that the severity of incidents positively affected bystander intention to intervene through the mediation of feelings of responsibility. Empathy moderated the effect of incident severity on bystander intention to intervene.
Conclusion
The results of the current study help to understand the behavior of bystanders in cyberbullying and they provide a practical reference for intervention in cyberbullying incidents.
The moving average filter (MAF) is one of the most widely used methods to block harmonics in a phase-locked loop (PLL). This paper proposes a simple structure for MAF to work directly in the αβframe (called αβMAF). Compared with the standard dq-frame MAF (dqMAF) used as an in-loop filter, αβMAF acts as a prefilter and significantly improves the PLL dynamic response. Its derivation process and implementation is described in detail in both continuous and discrete time domains. In an adaptive prefilterbased PLL, a frequency feedback loop (FFL) is indispensable, but it is not easy to design. Therefore, nonadaptive αβMAF is suggested, and a corrector is added to eliminate the phase error at off-nominal frequencies. In this paper, the small signal model of the proposed PLL is carried out through the perspective of frequency shift, which simplifies the derivation process. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is confirmed through simulation and experimental results. INDEX TERMS Moving average filter (MAF), phase locked loop (PLL), prefilter, grid synchronization.
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