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Phytonutrients extracted from natural resources are receiving much attention among researchers due to their highly antioxidative characteristics which prevent several degenerative diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancers. These nutraceutical compounds can be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as natural antioxidants, preservatives, colourings and functional foods. Though much works have been reported on the extraction process, there are concerns on the health and safety risks posed by the commonly used organic solvents derived from petrochemical industry. Thus, there is a need to recover the phytonutrients using green, sustainable, efficient and low cost solvents that are safe for human consumption. This work discusses natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) as a potential solvent to extract both polar and non-polar phytonutrients simultaneously from natural resources. Previous attempts (in the most recent 3 years) to make use of NADES as an extractant to obtain phytonutrients are presented. The synthesis process of NADES and current challenges when employing NADES are also being reviewed.

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Abstract-Experimental and thermodynamic modeling studies of liquid-liquid equilibria for two model systems of β-carotene and γ-tocotrienol in palm oil + ethyl lactate were performed at 303.15 K and atmospheric pressure in an effort to explore the potential application of ethyl lactate as a green and safe agrochemical solvent to recover carotenes and tocols from palm oil. The experimental data were correlated by Universal QuasiChemical (UNIQUAC) model while the thermodynamic data enables simulation of liquid-liquid extractors for phytonutrients recovery from palm oil as well as the prediction of energy requirement, equipment sizing and phase compositions for the oil-and solvent-rich phases. The results showed that ethyl lactate favors the extraction of phytonutrients from palm oil especially tocols due to their higher polarity and separation factors as compared to carotenes.