The adhesion to wet, acidic, and
saline biointerfaces
with large
deformation is important in the fields of wound dressing and motion
monitoring but has proven to be extremely challenging. There is a
need for a facile method to improve the stretchability and salt resistance
simultaneously. Here, an ultrastretchable, pH-tunable, surface-adaptive,
and salt-resistant hydrogel adhesive is reported. The hydrogel adhesive
is prepared through cross-linking acrylamide with a supramolecular
complex of poly(β-cyclodextrin) (PCD) and benzimidazole (BI).
The dynamic association between PCD and BI causes an extra energy
dissipation and improves the breaking strain to be larger than 4000%.
The hydrogel exhibits stable adhesiveness to varieties of surfaces
due to the multiple types of hydrogel–surface interactions,
including ionic bond, π–π stacking, and hydrogen
bond. Notably, the adhesive strength of the hydrogel gets significantly
enhanced in an acidic environment and shows no attenuation in a saline
environment. This is due to the unique adjacent cation−π
structure of BI: the imidazole can be protonized upon acidification,
and the phenyl group can repel water and enhance the ionic attraction
with the substrates. The ultrastretchability, the stable adhesion
on biointerfaces, and the salt resistance render the hydrogel a promising
candidate for the surgical patch and motion sensors that serve in
wet, acidic, and dynamic environments.
We analyzed the long-term survival rate and development of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) patients after liver transplantation (LT). From October 2007 to May 2019, 41 patients were diagnosed as PFIC (type I-III) and received LT in Ren Ji Hospital due to end-stage liver diseases. The median age at LT was 2.93 years, with 75.6% of patients receiving living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The 5- and 10-year patient survival rates after LT were 92.7% and 92.7%, respectively, and no difference was found among the three subtypes of PFIC. Two PFIC type II patients received re-transplantation due to vascular complications. Liver function and bile acid metabolism returned to normal levels in all living recipients. Catch-up growth was recorded as the height and weight Z scores increased from −2.53 and −1.54 to −0.55 and −0.27 with a median follow-up time of 5.55 years. Improved psychomotor ability and age-appropriate study ability was also observed. A total of 72.4% of school-aged recipients exhibited average academic performance. Diarrhea was reported in all PFIC type I recipients but resolved after resin absorptive treatment. However, allograft steatosis occurred in one PFIC type I patient and exhibited a “remission–relapse circle” under the treatment of cholestyramine. In conclusion, LT is an effective treatment for end-stage PFIC patients with encouraging long-term survival rate and development. However, allograft steatosis should be closely monitored in PFIC type I patients even if diarrhea has been well treated.
Phab24 was isolated from river water in Zhejiang Province, China, and exhibits lytic activity against clinical isolates of the nosocomial pathogen
Acinetobacter baumannii
(X. Wang, B. Loh, Y. Yu, X. Hua, S. Leptihn, bioRxiv, 2021,
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.23.453473
). The bacteriophage belongs to the
Myoviridae
family and has a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome sequence that is 93,604 bp long, containing 172 open reading frames (ORFs).
2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) is a chemically stable metabolic intermediate of lignin that can be produced on a large scale by transforming bacteria. Novel biomass-based polymers based on PDC were synthesized by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopies, thermal analysis, and tensile lap shear strength measurements. The onset decomposition temperatures of these PDC-based polymers were all above 200 °C. In addition, the PDC-based polymers exhibited strong adhesive properties to various metal plates, with the highest adhesion to a copper plate of 5.73 MPa. Interestingly, this result was in contrast to our previous findings that PDC-based polymers weakly adhere to copper. Furthermore, when bifunctional alkyne and azide monomers were polymerized in situ under hot-press conditions for 1 h, the resulting PDC-based polymer displayed a similar adhesion to a copper plate of 4.18 MPa. The high affinity of the triazole ring to copper ions improved the adhesive ability and selectivity of the PDC-based polymers to copper while still maintaining the strong adhesive ability to other metals, which is conducive to enhancing the versatility of PDC-based polymers as adhesives.
In view of the key geological factors restricting reservoir development, the reservoir heterogeneity of an alluvial fan sandy conglomerate reservoir in the Qie12 block of Qaidam Basin, Northwest China, and its influence on remaining oil distribution, were studied according to geology, wireline logging data, and dynamic production data. This study illustrates that the difference in pore structures, which are controlled by different sedimentary fabrics, is the main cause of reservoir microscopic heterogeneity. Besides, the temporal and spatial distribution of architectural units in the alluvial fan controls reservoir macroheterogeneity. Our results show that the thick sandy conglomerate develops two types of pores, two types of permeability rhythms, two types of interlayers, two types of interlayer distribution, two types of effective sand body architecture, and four types of sand body connecting schemes. The strongest plane heterogeneity is found in the composite channel unit formed by overlapping and separated stable channels of the middle fan, and the unit’s permeability variation coefficient is >0.7. However, the variation coefficient in the range of 0.3–0.5 is found in the extensively connected body unit sandwiched with intermittent channels of the inner fan. The distributions of the remaining oil vary significantly in different architectural units because of the influence of reservoir heterogeneity, including distribution patterns of flow barriers, permeability rhythm, and reservoir pore structures. The composite channel unit formed by overlapping and separated stable channels, or the lateral alternated unit with braided channel and sheet flow sediment of the middle fan, is influenced by the inhomogeneous breakthrough of injection water flowing along the dominant channel in a high-permeability layer. The microscopic surrounding flow and island-shaped remaining oils form and concentrate mainly in the upper part of a compound rhythmic layer. Meanwhile, in the extensively connected body unit sandwiched with intermittent channels of the inner fan, poor injector–producer connectivity and low reservoir permeability lead to a flake-like enrichment of the remaining oil.
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