This study reported the analysis of KIT ligand (KITLG) gene polymorphisms in 681 goats of three breeds: Xinong Saanen (SN), Guanzhong (GZ), and Boer (BG). In addition, the study identified three allelic variants: g.769T>C and g.817G>T in SN and GZ breeds, and g.9760G>C in the three goat breeds. The g.769T>C and g.817G>T loci were closely linked (r(2) > 0.33). All the single nucleotide polymorphism loci were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (P < 0.05). Significant associations were found for litter size with all three loci. Therefore, these results suggest that the KITLG gene is a strong candidate gene affecting litter size in goats.

In this study, the polymorphisms of growth hormone (GH) gene 5' promoter region and intron 8, exons 4 and 10 of growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene were analyzed in Xinong Saanen goats (SG) and Boer goats (BG). Two alleles (A and B) and three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were detected at P1 locus of GH gene, and two alleles (G and T) and two genotypes (GG and GT) were detected at P4 locus of GHR gene by PCR-SSCP analysis. In addition, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-A73C (P1 locus) and G114T (P4 locus), were identified by DNA sequencing. The frequencies of alleles A and B in the two goat breeds were 0.61-0.62, and 0.39-0.38, respectively, and the frequencies of alleles G and T in the two goat breeds were 0.82-0.86, and 0.18-0.14, respectively. The SNP loci were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium in both goat breeds (P<0.05). Polymorphisms of GH and GHR genes were shown to be associated with growth traits in BG breed. AA and GG genotypes were associated with superior growth traits in 1-, 2- and 3-month old individuals. Hence, AA and GG genotypes are suggested to be a molecular marker for superior growth traits in BG breed.

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Background. The survey found that in recent years, with the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) increasing, some patients with CKD even progressed to end-stage renal disease. Luckily, progressive hemodialysis technology and nursing level can improve the quality of life and prognosis of patients. Objective. To explore the application of plan-do-check-adjust (PDCA) cycle in the management of nurses in hemodialysis center and its effect on the maintenance of internal fistula in patients. Methods. In this study, a randomized controlled trail (RCT) was used to select 90 patients who underwent maintenance hemodialysis in the hemodialysis center of our hospital from January 2018 to June 2021 as objects. They were divided into a PDCA group (with PDCA nursing management) and routine group (with routine nursing management) by random number table with each of 45 cases for 6 months to compare the differences of the internal fistula complications, internal fistula maintenance quality, patients’ microinflammatory state, and satisfaction with nursing, as well as nursing staff’s operational and theoretical performance between the two groups. Results. There was no significant difference in CRP, IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels between the two groups before intervention ( P > 0.05 ); after that, these levels in the PDCA group were lower than those in the routine group, with statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05 ); before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the qualification rate of blood flow, the awareness rate of health education, and the incidence of nursing defects between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ); after that, the qualification rate of blood flow and the awareness rate of health education among nurses in PDCA group were higher than those in routine group, while the incidence of nursing defect accidents in the PDCA group was lower than that in routine group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ); before intervention, there was no significant difference in the complication rate between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ); after that, the complication rate of the PDCA group was lower than that of the routine group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ); after intervention, the theoretical assessment and practical skills assessment scores of the PDCA group were higher than those of the routine group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ); after intervention, the nursing satisfaction of the PDCA group was higher than that of the routine group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. The application of PDCA approach in the management of nurses in hemodialysis centers can effectively improve the quality of internal fistula management and improve the practical and theoretical level of nurses, as well as reduce the microinflammation of patients.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) is valuable for investigating protein structure and function in the research of life science, but it is difficult to obtain by traditional reverse transcription. In this study, we employed a novel strategy to clone the human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) gene cDNA from genomic DNA directly isolated from the mucous membrane of mouth. The hLIF sequence can be acquired within a few hours by means of amplification of each exon and splicing using overlap-PCR. Thus, the new approach developed in this study is simple, time-and cost-effective, and it is not limited to particular gene expression levels of each tissue.