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CO 2 has a strong impact on both operability and emission behaviours in gas turbine combustors. In the present study, an atmospheric, preheated, swirl-stabilised optical gas turbine model combustor rig was employed. The primary objectives were to analyse the influence of CO 2 on the fundamental characteristics of combustion, lean blowout (LBO) limits, CO emission and flame structures. CO 2 dilution effects were examined with three preheating temperatures (396.15, 431.15, and 466.15 K). The fundamental combustion characteristics were studied utilising chemical kinetic simulations. To study the influence of CO 2 on the operational range of the combustor, equivalence ratio (Φ) was varied from stoichiometric conditions to the LBO limits. CO emissions were measured at the exit of the combustor using a water-cooled probe over the entire operational range. The flame structures and locations were characterised by performing CH chemiluminescence imaging. The inverse Abel transformation was used to analyse the CH distribution on the axisymmetric plane of the combustor. Chemical kinetic modelling indicated that the CO 2 resulted in a lower reaction rate compared with the CH 4 /air flame. Fundamental combustion properties such as laminar flame speed, ignition delay time and blowout residence time were found to be affected by CO 2 . The experimental results revealed that CO 2 dilution resulted in a narrower operational range for the equivalence ratio. It was also found that CO 2 had a strong inhibiting effect on CO burnout, which led to a higher concentration of CO in the combustion exhaust. CH chemiluminescence showed that the CO 2 dilution did not have a significant impact on the flame structure.

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A plasma injector element was designed to experimentally study the mechanism of methaneair diffusive flame stabilized by a discharge plasma. The air plasma was generated within the annulus gap of the injector by alternating current dielectric barrier discharge. The discharge voltage, current and photographs were recorded first. Three internal effects of the plasma on combustion were later investigated separately through several diagnostic methods, including optical emission spectrometry (OES), infrared thermography, thermocouple, infrared thermometer, schlieren imaging, photos and CH * chemiluminescence. Finally, the return on investment (ROI) was calculated. The results showed that a large number of filamentary micro discharge paths occur within the discharge gap. These discharge paths rotate anticlockwise at high speed and act as a virtual 'fan' to induce the flow jet. The velocity of the induced jet increases with increasing discharge voltage. The original jet expansion angle is enlarged by the radial velocity component of the induced jet, resulting in the mixing enhancement of the air and methane. The plasma rotational temperature (the first negative system) obtained from OES is close to the discharge gas temperature measured by infrared thermography, indicating that the discharge gas temperature can be approximately represented by the rotational temperature. According to the measured temperature of the injector and the jet, the impact of the thermal effect of the plasma on flame stabilization is negligible. Due to the plasma, the height of the flame center and its representative length are generally reduced as the voltage rises, and the methane-air mixture becomes ignitable, and a stable flame can be reached under the conditions in which direct ignition fails. The combustion is enhanced with increasing heat release rate of the flame by the plasma. This finding revealed that the ROI of plasma-assisted flame stabilization is lower under a higher flowrate and a larger equivalence ratio for unstable flame situations.

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No abstract

Vitiation refers to the condition where the oxygen concentration in the air is reduced due to the mix of dilution gas. The vitiation effects on a premixed methane flame were investigated on a swirl-stabilized gas turbine model combustor under atmospheric pressure. The main purpose is to analyze the combustion stability and CO emission performance in vitiated air and compare the results with the flame without vitiation. The N 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O (steam) were used as the dilution gas. Measurements were conducted in a combustor inlet temperature of 384 K and 484 K. The equivalence ratio was varied from stoichiometric conditions to the LBO (Lean Blowout) limits where the flame was physically blown out from the combustor. The chemical kinetics calculation was performed with Chemkin software to analyze the vitiation effects on the flame reaction zone. Based on the calculation results, the changes in the temperature gradient, CO concentration, and active radicals across the flame reaction zone were identified. The time-averaged CH chemiluminescence images were recorded and the results indicated the features of the flame shape and location. The CH signal intensity provided the information about the heat-release zone in the combustor. The combustion LBO limits were measured and the vitiation of CO 2 and H 2 O were found to have a stronger impact to elevate the LBO limits than N 2 . Near the LBO limits, the instability of the flame reaction was revealed by the high-speed chemiluminescence imaging and the results were analyzed by FFT (Fast Fourier Transfer). CO emission was measured with a water-cooled probe which is located at the exit of the combustor. The combustion vitiation has been found to have the compression effect on the operation range for low CO emission. However, this compression effect could be compensated by improving the combustor inlet temperature.

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