Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in a variety of biological circuits. To document regulatory interactions between ncRNAs and biomolecules, we previously created the NPInter database (http://bigdata.ibp.ac.cn/npinter). Since the last version of NPInter was issued, a rapidly growing number of studies have reported novel interactions and accumulated numerous high-throughput interactome data. We have therefore updated NPInter to its fourth edition in which are integrated 600 000 new experimentally identified ncRNA interactions. ncRNA–DNA interactions derived from ChIRP-seq data and circular RNA interactions have been included in the database. Additionally, disease associations were annotated to the interacting molecules. The database website has also been redesigned with a more user-friendly interface and several additional functional modules. Overall, NPInter v4.0 now provides more comprehensive data and services for researchers working on ncRNAs and their interactions with other biomolecules.
Abstract. Many field experiments have found high nitrous acid (HONO) mixing ratios in both urban and rural areas during daytime, but these high daytime HONO mixing ratios cannot be explained well by gas-phase production, HONO emissions, and nighttime hydrolysis conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) on aerosols, suggesting that an unknown daytime HONO source (P unknown ) could exist. The formula P unknown ≈ 19.60[NO 2 ] · J (NO 2 ) was obtained using observed data from 13 field experiments across the globe. The three additional HONO sources (i.e., the P unknown , nighttime hydrolysis conversion of NO 2 on aerosols, and HONO emissions) were coupled into the WRF-Chem model (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) to assess the P unknown impacts on the concentrations and budgets of HONO and peroxy (hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy) radicals (RO x ) (= OH + HO 2 + RO 2 ) in the coastal regions of China. Results indicated that the additional HONO sources produced a significant improvement in HONO and OH simulations, particularly in the daytime. High daytime average P unknown values were found in the coastal regions of China, with a maximum of 2.5 ppb h −1 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The P unknown produced a 60-250 % increase of OH, HO 2 , and RO 2 near the ground in the major cities of the coastal regions of China, and a 5-48 % increase of OH, HO 2 , and RO 2 in the daytime meridionalmean mixing ratios within 1000 m above the ground. When the three additional HONO sources were included, the photolysis of HONO was the second most important source in the OH production rate in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou before 10:00 LST with a maximum of 3.72 ppb h −1 and a corresponding P unknown contribution of 3.06 ppb h −1 in Beijing, whereas the reaction of HO 2 + NO (nitric oxide) was dominant after 10:00 LST with a maximum of 9.38 ppb h −1 and a corresponding P unknown contribution of 7.23 ppb h −1 in Beijing. The whole RO x cycle was accelerated by the three additional HONO sources, especially the P unknown . The daytime average OH production rate was enhanced by 0.67 due to the three additional HONO sources; [0.64]
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