The aim of this study was to optimizing the process variables, assessing the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the extracted oil from Croton macrostachyus seed by Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane as a solvent. The maximum oil yield of 45.89 % extracted from Croton macrostachyus seed was obtained at a reaction temperature of 70 C, particle size of 0.5 mm, reaction time of 5 h, and solute to solvent ratio of 0.06 g/ml. The physicochemical properties of the extracted Croton macrostachyus seed oil investigated were; specific gravity of 0.9, the density of 900 kg/m 3 at 15 C, refractive index of 1.461, acid value of 3.5 mg KOH/g, and free fatty acids of 1.75 mg KOH/g, match the relevant international standards of oil quality. The qualitative test analysis of the extracted Croton macrostachyus seed oil showed that the presence of different phytochemical constituents of an antimicrobial activity were flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and phenols. The functional groups and composition of the extracted oil from Croton macrostachyus seeds were determined using FT-IR and GC-MS respectively. The results exhibited that the oil obtained from Croton macrostachyus seeds can be used for modern medicine instead of traditional purposes.
Objective
In tannery processing, water consumption is high, which generates wastewater as a by-product and numerous pollutants such as chromium heavy metals that make adverse effects of water bodies and the surrounding environment. This study analyzed, chromium (VI) removal from wastewater through activated carbon chat stem was investigated. Adsorption is a common treatment method via activated carbon due to its cost-effective, profitable, and removal efficiency of these heavy metals.
Results
The proximate analysis of moisture content of chat stem has 6%, activated carbon ash content of 17.35%, volatile materials of 20.12%, and fixed carbon contents of 56.53%, which are well-matched the standards quality of activated carbon. As the process parameter varies, the increment of the chromium removal efficiency was from 62.5 to 97.03%. The maximum adsorption efficiency was observed at 30 g/L dosage of the adsorbent, at pH 4, and contact time at 180 min of activated carbon from chat stem waste was found 97.03%. FTIR was used to characterize the surface of the chat stem before and after adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich are used for short contact time’s adsorption isotherm 0.9839 and 0.9995 respectively, which conformed, no visible change in the corrosion state.
Due to the high-water consumption of tanning plants, which produce many pollutants such as wastewater and heavy metals (chromium) as by-products enter the water bodies and pollute or harm the environment. This study investigated the removal of hexavalent chromium (VI) from wastewater using activated carbon Chat-Stem. Adsorption is a common treatment method using activated carbon because these heavy metals can be removed inexpensively, profitably, and efficiently. The approximate analysis of the moisture content of the chat stem is 6%, ash content of activated carbon is 17.35%, the volatile matter is 20.12%, fixed carbon content is 56.53%, and the bulk density of activated carbon is 0.392 g/cm3 at 360 ° C, which is in good agreement with the standard quality of activated carbon. As the process parameters changed, the increase of chromium removal efficiency was from 62.5% to 97.03%. The Maximum conditions of chromium removal efficiency were observed at the adsorbent dosage of 30 g/L, at pH of 4, and contact time at 180 minutes using the activated carbon chat stem to remove Cr from wastewater was found to be 97.03% with the desirability of 1 and the corresponding chromium removal efficiency optimized to 97.50%. The selected optimal conditions at the adsorbent dosage of 29.155 g/ml, at a PH of 3.32, and contact time of 174.651 min increasing the chromium removal efficiency to 97.83% with desirability 1 at Run 1. The surface of the chat stem before and after adsorption was characterized by FTIR. For short contact times, Langmuir and Freundlich’s adsorption isotherms were 0.9839 and 0.9995, respectively
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