Increased energy consumption stimulates the development of various energy types. As a result, the storage of these different types of energy becomes a key issue. Supercapacitors, as one important energy storage device, have gained much attention and owned a wide range of applications by taking advantages of micro-size, lightweight, high power density and long cycle life. From this perspective, numerous studies, especially on electrode materials, have been reported and great progress in the advancement in both the fundamental and applied fields of supercapacitor has been achieved. Herein, a review of recent progress in carbon materials for supercapacitor electrodes is presented. First, the two mechanisms of supercapacitors are briefly introduced. Then, research on carbon-based material electrodes for supercapacitor in recent years is summarized, including different dimensional carbon-based materials and biomassderived carbon materials. The characteristics and fabrication methods of these materials and their performance as capacitor electrodes are discussed. On the basis of these materials, many supercapacitor devices have been developed. Therefore, in the third part, the supercapacitor devices based on these carbon materials are summarized. A brief overview of two types of conventional supercapacitor according to the charge storage mechanism is compiled, including their development process, the merits or withdraws, and the principle of expanding the potential range. Additionally, another fast-developed capacitor, hybrid ion capacitors as a good compromise between battery and supercapacitor are also discussed. Finally, the future aspects and challenges on the carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes are proposed.

Carbonyl organic compounds have scored great success as prospective electrodes for rechargeable metal-ion batteries in replacement of commercial inorganic electrodes, since the plentiful chemistry of organics allows adjustable structure in...

Electronic textiles offer exciting opportunities for an emerging class of electronic technology featuring intimate interaction with the human body. Among various functional components, a stretchable conductive textile represents a key building material to support the development of sensors, interconnects, and electrical contacts. In this study, a conductive textile is synthesized by bottom-up coassembly of silver nanowires and TPU microfibers. The conformal coverage of AgNW network over individual TPU microfibers gives rise to coherent deformations to mitigate the actual strain for enhanced stretchability and durability. The as-prepared conductive microtextile exhibits a series of desirable properties including excellent conductivity (>5000 S cm–1), exceptional stretchability (∼600% strain), soft mechanical properties, breathability, and washability. The practical implementation is demonstrated by fabricating an integrated epidermal sensing sleeve for multichannel EMG signal recordings, which supports real-time hand gesture recognitions powered by machine learning algorithm as a smart human–machine interface. The conductive textile reported in this study is well suited for garment integrated electronics with potential applications in health monitoring, robotic prosthetics, and competitive sports.

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Solid-state nanopores with feature sizes around 5 nm play a critical role in bio-sensing fields, especially in single molecule detection and sequencing of DNA, RNA and proteins. In this paper we present a systematic study on shrinkage and site-selective modification of single-crystal silicon nanopores with a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM). Square nanopores with measurable sizes as small as 8 nm × 8 nm and rectangle nanopores with feature sizes (the smaller one between length and width) down to 5 nm have been obtained, using the SEM-induced shrinkage technique. The analysis of energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and the recovery of the pore size and morphology reveal that the grown material along with the edge of the nanopore is the result of deposition of hydrocarbon compounds, without structural damage during the shrinking process. A simplified model for pore shrinkage has been developed based on observation of the cross-sectional morphology of the shrunk nanopore. The main factors impacting on the task of controllably shrinking the nanopores, such as the accelerating voltage, spot size, scanned area of e-beam, and the initial pore size have been discussed. It is found that single-crystal silicon nanopores shrink linearly with time under localized irradiation by SEM e-beam in all cases, and the pore shrinkage rate is inversely proportional to the initial equivalent diameter of the pore under the same e-beam conditions.

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