Background: Improving glycemic control requires that patients actively participate in decisions about how to best live with the disease and adapt to the realities of self-care. Limited health literacy (HL) is related to poorer health outcomes and may make it difficult for patients to participate in shared decision-making (SDM). As such, understanding the relationship between HL and SDM and its impact on diabetes control is an urgent issue. Methods : A cross-sectional survey was conducted among outpatients with type 2 diabetes in a regional teaching hospital. Purposive sampling was used to recruit eligible 372 patients via self-administered questionnaires. HbA1C values were obtained from each patient’s laboratory assay. Results: Among the 372 participants, 50.4% of patients preferred physician decision-making, 39.3% preferred SDM, and 10.3% preferred patient decision-making. The physician explaining the illness in colloquial language, having adequate time for discussion, and encouragement from the healthcare provider were the major factors influencing patients’ involvement in SDM. Interactive HL and critical HL had positive correlations with patients’ perceived involvement in SDM. Educational attainment and HL were positively related. The HbA1C values for patient decision-making and physician decision-making were approximately 1.4 times and 1.24 times higher than those of SDM, respectively. Conclusion: SDM led to better glycemic control. HL increased patients’ perceived involvement in SDM. Therefore, it is necessary to improve levels of HL based on the educational attainment of patients. Physicians explaining illness in colloquial language is the key factor in promoting patients’ perceived involvement in SDM.

MXenes, as highly electronegative and conductive two-dimensional nanomaterials, are extensively studied for their use in sensors and flexible electronics. In this study, near-field electrospinning was used to prepare a new poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)/Ag nanoparticle (AgNP)/MXene composite nanofiber film as a self-powered flexible human motion-sensing device. The composite film displayed highly piezoelectric properties with the presence of MXene. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the intercalated MXene in the composite nanofibers was evenly spread out, which not only prevented the aggregation of MXene but also enabled the composite materials to form self-reduced AgNPs. The prepared PVDF/AgNP/MXene fibers displayed exceptional stability and excellent output performance, enabling their use for energy harvesting and powering light-emitting diodes. The doping of MXene/AgNPs increased the electrical conductivity of the PVDF material, improved its piezoelectric properties, and enhanced the piezoelectric constant of PVDF piezoelectric fibers, thereby allowing the production of flexible, sustainable, wearable, and self-powered electrical devices.

Background:The health literacy of hospital patients has become a very important issue, especially in the face of emerging infectious diseases. The design of and measures used by hospitals, however, have not yet taken into account whether patients can develop their health literacy through the process of medical treatment. Hospitals should take on this role as part of health education programs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at pre-admission testing center patients waiting to be hospitalized in a regional teaching hospital. A purposive sampling method was used to recruit 406 patients via self-administered questionnaires. Results: Among the 406 participants, 36.1% had adequate health literacy. There were significant differences in age, education attainment, and history of chronic diseases for health literacy. The ability to find and judge information on health was lower. Watching healthrelated TV programs was positively correlated with health literacy. Health literacy, health promotion literacy, and understanding information on health were positively correlated to self-care and management. 65.8% of patients did not understand the treatment for which they were being admitted. Health literacy, healthcare health literacy, the ability to judge health information were positively related to understanding the treatment. Conclusion: Health literacy is a critical facilitating factor in improving self-care and management and understanding treatment on admission. Health education programs cannot, however, be one-size-fits-all. To help patients change their behavior, the change must be made easy. To this end, health information in the form of entertainment programs and simplified materials may be useful and even necessary.

Background: The effects of patient sustained self-care behaviors on glycemic control are even greater than the effects of medical treatment, indicating the value of identifying the factors that influence self-care behaviors. To date, these factors have not been placed in a single model to clarify the critical path affecting self-care behaviors. The aims of this study were to explore the relationships of these factors and the differences in patient preference for medical decision-making. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among outpatients with type 2 diabetes at a regional teaching hospital. Purposive sampling was adopted to recruit 316 eligible patients via self-administered questionnaires. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used for analysis. Results: Significant direct pathways were identified from health literacy to self-efficacy, patient empowerment, and self-care behaviors; from self-efficacy to self-care behaviors; and from patient empowerment to self-care behaviors. Indirect pathways were from health literacy to self-care behaviors via self-efficacy or patient empowerment. The pathway from health literacy to self-efficacy was significantly stronger in those preferring shared decision-making than in those who preferred physician decision-making. Conclusions: Health literacy is a critical factor in improving self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the effect of health literacy on self-efficacy was more significant in the shared decision-making than in the physician decision-making. Therefore, developing an effective health strategy to strengthen health literacy awareness and designing friendly, diverse health literacy materials, and application tools is the most important factor to facilitate self-care behaviors in this population.

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