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Design and development of a novel displacement differential self-induced magnetorheological damper AbstractThis article presents the development of a novel magnetorheological damper which has a self-sensing ability. In this study, a linear variable differential sensor, which was based on the electromagnetic induction mechanism, was integrated with a conventional magnetorheological damper. The working principle, configuration, and prototype of the displacement differential self-induced magnetorheological damper based on the integrated linear variable differential sensor technology were presented. A mathematical model of the proposed displacement differential self-induced magnetorheological damper was established. The finite element model was built with two-dimensional Maxwell software and the magnetic simulations were presented. With this approach, the influence of the flux leakage, the winding cylinder in different basic values of structure parameters, and materials were determined to obtain an optimal displacement differential selfinduced magnetorheological damper. Finally, the dynamic performance of the displacement differential selfinduced magnetorheological damper was evaluated with a fatigue test machine. The experimental results indicated that the developed displacement differential self-induced magnetorheological damper based on the integrated linear variable differential sensor technology can output controllable damping force and displacement relative self-induced voltages simultaneously. AbstractThis paper presents the development of a novel magnetorheological damper (MRD) which has a self-sensing ability. In this study, a linear variable differential sensor (ILVDS), which was based on the electromagnetic induction mechanism, was integrated with a conventional MRD. The working principle, configuration and prototype of the displacement differential self-induced magnetorheological damper (D-DSMRD) based on the ILVDS technology was presented. A mathematical model of the proposed D-DSMRD was established. The finite element model was built with two-dimensional Maxwell software and the magnetic simulations were presented. With this approach, the influencing of the flux leakage, the winding cylinder in different basic values of structure parameters and materials were determined to obtain an optimal D-DSMRD. Finally, the dynamic performance of the D-DSMRD was evaluated with a fatigue test machine. The experimental results indicated that the developed D-DSMRD based on the ILVDS technology can output controllable damping force and displacement relative self-induced voltages simultaneously.

The soil microbial community plays an important role in grassland ecosystem dynamics and has a crucial influence upon plant ecophysiological traits (Andres et al., 2017; Ford, Rousk, Garbutt, Jones, & Jones, 2013). A major challenge in applied ecology is to understand response mechanisms of those complex microbial communities to grazing, especially for those associated with grass species tolerant of grazing. Many studies have demonstrated that herbivores largely determine aboveground biomass, and also directly and indirectly affect the belowground soil microbial community through their impact on plants and soil properties (Dawson, Grayston, & Paterson, 2000; Yang et al., 2013). In this interaction, a common response of grazed grass plants to browsing is the stimulation of microbial processes and nitrogen availability within their rhizospheres, and the reallocation of belowground resources to aboveground structures (Bardgett,

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The γ/γ′ interface dislocation network is reported to improve the high temperature creep resistance of single crystal superalloys and is usually found to deposit in {001} interface. In this work, a new type of dislocation network was found in {111} γ/γ′ interface at a single crystal model superalloy crept at 1100 °C/100 MPa. The dislocations in the network are screw with Burgers vectors of 1/2 a<110> and most interestingly, they exhibit a pair-coupling structure. Further investigation indicates that the formation of {111} interface dislocation network occurs when the γ′ raft structure begins to degrade by the dislocations cutting into the rafted γ′ through the interface. In this condition, the pair-coupling structure is established by the dislocations gliding in a single {111} plane of γ′, in order to remove the anti-phase boundary in γ′; these dislocations also act as diffusion channels for dissolving of the γ′ particle that is unstable under the interfacial stress from lattice misfit, which leads to the formation of {111}-type zigzag interface. The formation of this network arises as a consequence of more negative misfit, low-alloying γ′ particle and proper test conditions of temperature and stress.