We conducted a study to evaluate the impact of the exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) on perioperative outcome in Crohn's disease (CD) patients following immunosuppressive therapy.Patients with CD followed at a referral center between January 2001 and March 2014 who underwent abdominal surgery were identified. Patients were divided into 4 groups: patients not exposed to immunosuppressive agents in the previous 8 weeks before surgery (group 1); patients received immunosuppressive medications without preoperative drug-free interval (group 2); patients had preoperative immunosuppressants-free interval (group 3); patients treated with adding EEN to preoperative immunosuppressants-free interval regimen (group 4). Urgent operation requirement, stoma creation, postoperative complications, readmission, and reoperation were compared in patients among groups.Overall, 708 abdominal surgeries performed in 498 CD patients were identified. Three hundred seventy-six (53.11%) surgeries performed in those receiving preoperative immunosuppressive medications. Compared with other groups, group 2 had increased postoperative complications, more frequent urgent operation, and higher rate of stoma creation. Patients in group 4 were found to have better outcome including lower rate of stoma creation (P < 0.05), and decreased incidence of postoperative complications (P < 0.05) compared with group 2 and group 3. Additionally, decreased urgent operation requirement (P < 0.05) and extended preoperative drug-free interval (P < 0.001) were observed in the group 4 than those in the group 3.Preoperative optimization of CD following immunosuppressive therapy by EEN prolongs the immunosuppressants-free interval, reduces the risk of urgent surgery and reoperation, and most importantly, decreases complications after abdominal surgery.

Alkaline metals doping is one of the approaches for achieving high efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell. Recently, potassium doping helps to break the record efficiency of CIGS solar cell doped with sodium. In this paper, we have investigated how incorporation of potassium can influence the properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film and the performance of resulting solar cell. Our results showed that K doping can enhance the (112) preferred orientation, increase the grain size and reduce the second phase ZnS of the CZTS thin films. After K doping, despite of some drop of Voc for CZTS thin film solar cells, the Rs is decreased and the Jsc is improved markedly, and the solar cell efficiency is boosted.

The Pd nanosheets with controlled edge length were simply synthesized and exhibited tunable localized surface plasmon resonance properties.

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