Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) demonstrates chemical stability and biocompatibility and is widely used in biomedical applications. The porous bamboo charcoal has excellent toxin absorptivity and has been used in blood purification. In this study, bamboo charcoal nanoparticles (BCNPs) were acquired with nano-grinding technology. The PVA and PVA/BCNP nanocomposite membranes were prepared and characterized by the tensile test, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that the tensile strength and elongation of the swollen PVA membranes containing 1% BCNPs (PB1) were significantly greater than those of PVA and other PVA/BCNP composite membranes. In addition, the major absorption band of OH stretching in the IR spectra shifted from 3262 cm−1 for PVA membrane containing 1% BCNP to 3244 cm−1 for PVA membrane containing 20% BCNP. This blue shift might be attributed to the interaction between the PVA molecules and BCNPs. Moreover, the intensity of the XRD peaks in PVA was decreased with the increased BCNP content. The bioactivity of the nanocomposites was evaluated by immersion in the simulated body fluid (SBF) for seven days. The mineral deposition on PB5 was significantly more than that on the other samples. The mineral was identified as hydroxyapatite (HA) by XRD. These data suggest that the bioactivity of the composite hydrogel membranes was associated with the surface distribution of hydrophilic/hydrophobic components. The PVA/BCNP composite hydrogels may have potential applications in alveolar bone regeneration.
An energy storage system using secondary batteries combined with advanced power control schemes is considered the key technology for the sustainable development of renewable energy-based power generation and smart micro-grids. The performance of energy storage systems in practical application mainly depends on their power conditioning systems. This paper proposes a silicon carbide-based multifunctional power conditioning system for the vanadium redox flow battery. The proposed system is a two-stage circuit topology, including a three-phase grid-tie inverter that can perform four-quadrant control of active and reactive power and a bi-directional multi-channel direct current converter that is responsible for the fast charging and discharging control of the battery. To achieve the design objectives, i.e., high reliability, high efficiency, and high operational flexibility, silicon carbide-based switching devices, and advanced digital control schemes are used in the construction of a power conditioning system for the vanadium redox flow battery. This paper first describes the proposed system topologies and controller configurations and the design methods of controllers for each converter in detail, and then results from both simulation analyses and experimental tests on a 5 kVA hardware prototype are presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system and the designed controllers.
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