Tissue engineering aiming to repair or regenerate damaged tissues necessitates fabricating three-dimensional biomaterial scaffolds with controlled porosity for delivering cells. To facilitate cell distribution, a strategy using stem cell-based fabrication of biomaterials was tested in type II collagen fibers. Human mesenchymal stem cells when delivered in type II collagen assembled and reorganized these matrices and differentiated into spherical chondrocytes with the synthesis of cartilage proteins. The cell-mediated assembly and reorganization of collagen fibers was not limitless and only restricted to an appropriate ratio of cell number and collagen amount. The blocking of alpha2 or beta1-integrin function with specific antibodies significantly impeded the collagen-assembly effects. In vitro chondrogenesis or in vivo cartilage formation of human mesenchymal stem cells was also dependent on the interactions between cells and surrounding matrices. This method for three-dimensional fabricating collagen fibers may generally be applied to other biomaterials, when combined with surface modification or ligand addition for cell adhesion.
Purpose
– The purpose is to conceptually construct a service-dominant (S-D) logic-based integrated product service system (IPSS) business model.
Design/methodology/approach
– The model is constructed through literature reviews and inferences.
Findings
– IPSS model is in compliance with the ten fundamental premises of S-D logic as well as conforming to triple bottom lines of sustainability.
Research limitations/implications
– To convert a firm from goods-centric model to service-centric IPSS model is not easy. There are quite a few challenges to be overcome.
Practical implications
– There are many successful cases adopting service-centric business model. The key success factors are to be identified in the future studies.
Originality/value
– It is the first paper discussing the sustainability of IPSS model and its relationship with S-D logic.
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